La batalla por la justicia en el caso de la masacre más grande de América Latina se lleva a cabo en un pequeño juzgado rural al norte de El Salvador, lejos del interés nacional. Mientras un coro de voces recrea los tres días de horror que se vivieron en diciembre de 1981, la defensa de los militares tilda el juicio de espectáculo y llama a las víctimas “fantasiosas”. ¿Cómo sana una sociedad que ha enfrentado el trauma de la guerra en un silencio forzado? “Con justicia”, responden las víctimas.
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT ABOUT THE PEACE ACCORD)
\\n[Institutional voice]: And on December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(ÁLVARO ARZÚ’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories of the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(COURTROOM’S AUDIO, SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA, EL SALVADOR)
\\n[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: Good morning. You may be seated. I hope you’ve had a nice journey.
\\n[Ximena Natera]: We are in a San Francisco Gotera’s courtroom located in the north of El Salvador, where a 66-year-old farmer gets ready to take the stand and begin his testimony. He sits among the public and looks nervous about the lawyers’ presence.
\\n[Lorena Vega]: The session has just started and the defense presents a petition that looks for the delay of the process. The judge denies it. 40 minutes later it’s the witness turn.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: I am going to ask Mr. Genaro Sánchez Díaz, if he is in this courtroom, to stand up.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro stands up, walks and sits in a chair next to the judge. The air conditioning is set in a freezing configuration and makes the courtroom contrast with the searingly hot street.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Witness Genaro Sánchez… Do you swear to tell nothing but the truth?
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro speaks quietly but answers affirmatively. He sits and officially starts his declaration.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Firstly, witness… Would you give us your names, your age, and occupation?
\\n[Ximena]: It is not the first time that Genaro appears before this court. When he was 49 years old during the heat of the Salvadoran Civil War on April 10th, 1991, the farmer denounced Atlacatl Battalion for the murder of one of his sons, his neighbors, and friends in the community of La Joya in what is known as El Mozote Massacre and nearby places.
\\nThat testimony was registered in a document that today, 26 years later, is read by the assistant judge.
\\n[Assistant judge]: On December 10th, 1981, the Salvadoran Army entered La Arada Vieja located to the south of Jocoatique at 1 pm and started shooting towards La Joya. The gunfire was made by unknown troops and not a single badge was seen. He said that at the same time he saw how the helicopters were landing.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro told on his first declaration that he survived because he fled with his wife and 5 of his children when he heard the gunfire. He came back to the zone one week later just to recognize his dead son’s body as he couldn’t escape.
\\n[Assistant judge]: 7 days later Sotero Guevara, Patricia Díaz and the declarant went to Sotero Guevara’s house and find it burned and the bodies of Petrona Chicas, Catalina Chicas, Justa Guevara, Jacinta Guevara, and the declarant’s 4-year-old son.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro was not the only survivor who went to court to denounce the massacre before the end of the civil war that left more than 75 thousand deaths in 12 years.
\\n16 survivors denounced the massacre between 1990 and 1991. The first one was Pedro Chicas. The stories were full of violent details like the murder of newborn babies. These details were branded as lies by the officials and were archived.
\\nThe file is dusted off in this hearing and Genaro listens to his voice in other testimony two decades later.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Now I want you to tell if that was the same declaration you gave in 1991.
\\n[Genaro Guevara]: Yes, it is.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro now has the chance to add details to his declaration and answer the questions of the judge, the prosecutor and defense’s lawyers. But… What happened to a court case that was doomed to the impunity that now is back in the tribunals?
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: Hi, Dorila lives here.
\\n[Ximena]: With Serafin guiding us through Morazán’s communities, we look for one of the houses that withstood the Military raid in 1981.
\\n[Ximena]: Is it in here?
\\n[Lorena]: We enter the house’s yard and there she is.
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: My name is María Dorila Márquez de Márquez.
\\n[Ximena]: María Dorila has a great memory and remembers every detail of the Military’s arrival to his hamlet. She tells that on the firsts days of December a rumor started and it said that the Military was going to fight the Guerrillas in the area. Rumors also suggested that the inhabitants should reunite on El Mozote’s plaza to be safe.
\\n[Dorila]: The Military told them that they should go to the plaza to be safe. The people from all those houses had left and we were left alone here in this house.
\\n[Ximena]: Dorila, his husband and his two sons, one of them a baby, decided not to go to the plaza. They stayed in their home, the very same house in which we are today until the soldiers started to look in the nearby houses.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband saw that they had burnt all those houses and asked me to go and see with him. We could see the house of my husband’s sister. There was one of his brothers that was with his pregnant lady and we saw when the soldiers arrived. We heard shooting. Later we saw a soldier running out of the house after a girl and boy crying. They went to the back of the house. We heard another shooting and after that, the girl’s crying no longer could be heard.
\\n**[Lorena]: **Moved by the fear, the family decides to take the risk and flee. They tried to walk to the community known as Los Toriles but they couldn’t go very far.
\\n[Dorila]: When we had already crossed all that plan, they made fire. It was the soldiers that were on the other hill where they were shooting the mortar and there I stood. I was with the baby and the other that walked beside me.
\\nMy husband was wearing a hat and raised his hand with the hat to show them we had no guns. I raised one hand too because with the other arm I was holding the baby
\\n[Ximena]: They hid in a cornfield, and through the whistling of bullets, decided to go back home.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were almost there my son told me: ”Ouch, mom, they hit me”. I told him that he probably stood over a spike and didn’t care much about it until we arrived here. There was a little bench where I sit and my son lied down on me. He raised his foot and I saw that it was true: they had shot my son.
\\n[Lorena]: With the wounded boy the only choice left for the family was to wait. They never understood why the soldiers didn’t break into their house.
\\n[Ximena]: They tried to flee for the second time the night of December 11th. They walked for hours but the full moon made the things difficult as it was hard for them to hide and this slowed them down.
\\n**[Lorena]: **It was almost dawn when they arrived at Los Toriles. There they saw how the last houses were falling.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband’s brother was murdered with all his family. There they killed all the people. We passed by and saw that the house was burning but as it was still dark, we didn’t saw them. It was a miracle that we didn’t step on them because after we passed, they left the bodies on one side of the road. There they murdered José, Marta, and the children.
\\n[Ximena]: She didn’t lose only her husband’s family. In El Mozote’s plaza where the soldiers previously had concentrated the people, Dorila’s parents, brothers, and sisters died. Almost a thousand of Salvadorans were murdered by State forces between December 10th and December 13th of 1981 in eight Morazán communities.
\\n[Lorena]: They came back to this house and El Mozote before January 16th, 1992, when the government and Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional’s guerrilla signed the Peace Accords in México.
\\n[Ximena]: In November of that year San Francisco Gotera’s Judge was moved by the victims and ordered the firsts exhumations. This as part of the investigation that wanted to determine if the Salvadoran Army had committed a massacre. To El Mozote arrived The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team where they found 147 children’s bones.
\\n[Dorila]: The DNA tests couldn’t be done to all the people that were exhumated, as there was not much of a help as it is today. They were just buried again in these mass graves. I don’t know where my father, my sister and my little brother ended.
\\n[Lorena]: The government, FMNL, and the Legislative Assembly approved the Amnesty Law four months later on March 20th, 1993 interrupting the investigation.
\\nThis Law put a stop to all the legal processes that were investigating the conflict crimes and ignored the Truth Commission’s report that pointed the Salvadoran Army as main responsible of the massacre. It was a hard hit to the victims
\\n[Ximena]: But the battle for justice didn’t stop there. Dorila and other survivors of the massacre created the El Mozote’s Human Rights Promoting Association. They’ve dedicated to collect testimonies of other inhabitants for years.
\\nWilfredo Medrano, one of the lawyers that leads the legal battle recognizes their efforts.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: It shows their persistence because the same people sometimes asked hopelessly what they could do. It was the people´s motivation that made us question ourselves what we were going to do with this archived case as the judges were not moving it.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The massacre’s process was frozen in October 2003 when Jorge Alberto Guzmán assumed his seat as San Francisco Gotera’s First Instance Judge. We met him at his office and asked him: How is it possible that the court case of the biggest massacre of Latin America is in his chamber and not in a tribunal in San Salvador?
\\n[Lorena]: Why El Mozote’s court case is held by you and not another judicial authority in the capital of the country?
\\n[Judge Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: The complaint was raised in 1990 in these judicial headquarters, that’s why this was the right tribunal and still it is now.
\\n[Ximena]: Judge Guzmán is a cautious man. He doesn’t give too many interviews and asks us not to take any pictures. He starts telling us that when he assumed as a judge, he was hamstrung by the Amnesty law.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: At that moment there were no accused individualized. The case judge issued the Nolle prosequi in a big manner so it could benefit anyone involved in the things that happened. From then on the process was completely paralyzed.
\\n[Lorena]: The investigation stopped so early that it wasn’t even determined if the victims had died in a massacre.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: It was needed more proofs to determine if there was a massacre on that place (..) Collecting evidence is not enough, you must prove that these people died from acts of violence and until that moment that was not the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The evidence that the judge didn’t consider was the 147 children’s dead bodies that were found by the Argentinian anthropologists.
\\nThe Mozote victims and the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association’s lawyers had been collecting proof of the massacre for years to raise it to international courts. It took them almost another decade to submit the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were going to the Court, they asked us 500 victims’ testimonies and 300 displaced persons’ testimonies. It was so hard because they didn’t want to talk and there are still people that don’t want to talk about because they are afraid. I just tell them that I am not afraid to be murdered because I am not telling lies.
\\n[Lorena]: 1070 cases were documented.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF HEARING IN THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AUDIO ARCHIVE)
\\n[WOMAN IN THE I/A COURT H.R.]: Ladies and gentlemen, the Court.
\\n[Lorena]: On April 23th 2012, 10 years after the Peace Accords, the Court sat in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The case was known as El Mozote and nearby places massacre vs El Salvador.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Please tell us your name.
\\n[Ximena]: Three women testified in the hearing. María Dorila Márquez was one of them. María Dorila is the El Mozote’s Human Rights Association current president and from Ecuador, she gave the world her testimony.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF THE HEARING IN THE I/A COURT H.R.)
\\n[Ovidio Mauricio González]: Has any person involved in the events been penalized?
\\n[Dorila]: From what I know they have not.
\\n[Ovidio]: How the lack of justice has affected you
\\n[Dorila]: It has harmed me a lot because in El Salvador the laws have not been complied with. We are not talking about animals, we are talking about people getting murdered. Children, elderly, pregnant women that were killed and this was never investigated. There was no justice and this has harmed me a lot.
\\n[Ximena]: According to Dorila, the Amnesty Law was the main reason behind the lack of justice.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Can you express how you feel to the fact that there is an Amnesty Law that protects the responsible of the events?
\\n[Dorila]: It hurts me a lot and that’s what I am asking for. I want that law to be repealed so the investigations can continue. I don’t hate the people that did it but they deserve to be penalized. If there was a death penalty in El Salvador, it wouldn’t be enough. But I wouldn’t ask for that, as only God can take away people’s lives as they did with my family.
\\n[Lorena]: Dorila’s testimony and the evidence that had been collected for 20 years by the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association and the survivors were enough for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In a landmark judgment, the Court sentenced the Salvadoran State for El Mozote massacre 6 months after the hearing.
\\n[Ximena]: It concluded that El Salvador violated the right to life and the right to personal integrity and that the victims’ right to justice had been denied.
\\nThe Court ordered to start a reparation process, to perform the exhumations needed and to identify and return the mortal remains to the families. Particularly demanded that the Amnesty Law stopped being a hamper to the investigations.
\\n[Lorena]: It took 4 years to the Salvadoran Justice to comply with the last part. Finally, the victims received the news they have been waiting for decades on July 13th, 2016.
\\n(NEWS ARCHIVE)
\\n[HOST]: The Salvadoran Supreme Court of Justice’s Constitutional room has declared unconstitutional the Amnesty Law of 1993, a year later after the Civil War ended, a law that consolidated peace.
\\n[Ximena]: It was a controversial decision. The government led back then by FMLN’s political party, said that this court ruling endangered the Peace Accords’ achievements and the opportunity to look for justice for the past crimes polarized the country.
\\n[Rosario Ríos]: If you search in here, there is nothing. There is little written record. There is just a little wall with names written on it but that’s it.
\\n[Ximena]: In San Salvador, we met Santiago Nogales, a playwright and his wife, actress Rosario Ríos. They’ve been exploring historic memory through art for years. With Moby Dick, their theater company, they had staged unexplored topics for the country like torture or the 8 thousand people that were victims of forced disappearance in the armed conflict.
\\n(Fragment of the theater play: ”Yo quiero la muerte en gracia, yo quiero un sepulcro, una fosa, una lápida aunque sea”.)
\\n[Rosario]: There are many.
\\n[Santiago Nogales]: There’s an absolute-oblivion.
\\n[Rosario]: That they have no idea you are saying? Please… They’ve been killing each other and they were your grandpas… your parents.
\\n[Santiago]: You’ve said it well. The best thing that can happen to a rotting wound is to stab it and take out all the crap so it can heal cleanly.
\\n[Ximena]: But healing is so difficult for a country that has lived its traumas in silence. The Salvadoran State faded victims into oblivion as a requirement for peace. The parents silenced their wounds and the sons ignore the horrors. The only thing that seems to bound these generations is an impunity covenant: An armed conflict in the past and the gangs’ violence in the present.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law’s end opened a space of hope. On September 30th, 2016 San Francisco Gotera’s Judge, Jorge Alberto Guzmán, reopened El Mozote’s court case.
\\nThe first step was to identify those allegedly responsible for the Tierra Arrasada Military raid.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: There were 32 accused but 13 had already passed away. So there are 18 persons subject to this court proceeding.
\\n[Ximena]: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, Atlacatl Battalion commander, was the man responsible for the massacre according to many people.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: There are lots of witnesses and survivors that saw him giving instructions and ordering how to torture the farmers to get information.
\\n[Lorena]: Monterrosa was never penalized for his crimes and was murdered in a guerrilla attack in the heat of the armed conflict in 1984.
\\nHe was considered a national hero and even some memorials were raised to remember his heroism at the end of the Civil war.
\\nIn his name, 18 former Military members were called by Judge Guzmán. The highest ranked is General José Guillermo García, minister of defense between 1979 and 1981.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Most of them are high ranked Military members. There are generals, lieutenants and a captain. All of them are between 60 and 80 years old but they are in perfect physical condition to be processed. They should not be exempt from their criminal responsibility as they had big power as high ranked Military members.
\\n[Ximena]: Six months after the court case was opened, the former Military members appeared before the Tribunal. It was on March 29, 2017, and it is now stuck on Dorila Márquez’s memory as the day the Military members mocked of them again.
\\n[Dorila]: When the Judge’s secretary was reading all the charges against them, they were giggling and making jokes among them. They looked at us and started talking privately. They were not paying attention to all the charges against them. Why the victims have to suffer the revictimization?
\\n[Lorena]: That day the victims were hoping to see the Military members handcuffed and in their way to jail after all they were accused of 9 crimes: murderer, aggravated rape, aggravated deprivation of liberty, theft, aggravated damages, assault, acts of terrorism and propositive acts of terrorism.
\\nBut the judge didn’t consider necessary to incarcerate them.
\\n[Judge Sánchez]: There’s still necessary to settle bigger participation of them. Because the only proof that we have right now is that they were leading the Military back then but that’s not evidence of them being on the places where the events happened.
\\n(SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA’S COURTROOM AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Military members’ disdain for the victims is so big that they have only shown once. The accused are not in the courtroom where Genaro Sánchez tells how he lived the massacre. The defense’s lawyers try to find contradictions on his words during his interrogation.
\\n[Defense’s lawyer]: I asked with all due respect to the witness if he saw at that moment guerrilla members in the area.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro says that he didn’t. But with this query, the defense is trying to question the alleged closeness between guerrillas and the victims.
\\n[Defense´s lawyer]: He said that he heard Radio Venceremos and he also said in his testimony that he was mobile so I ask him if he saw the people that were with Radio Venceremos.
\\n[Ximena]: The alleged closeness between the witnesses and the guerrillas is a theory that Lisandro Quintanilla, an accused’s lawyer, tries to use to discredit the massacre.
\\n[Lisandro Quintanilla]: Which is the evidence that tells us that these people were not guerrillas or that they were not assisting guerrillas? I don’t know (if there were children) but if there were… Who proves us that those children lived there? We’ve got the National Statistic Division’s population census. And we are going to use all of that. They are talking about thousands of deaths and that’s a lie. The population of those hamlets barely reached a hundred people.
\\n[Ximena]: The witnesses have started to contradict themselves according to Quintanilla.
\\n[Lorena]: How can they determine if a testimony has contradictions if they are not even listening to the people that after all these years have the chance to appear in court?
\\n[Quintanilla]: Why should I go? What questions should I ask a lady that is narrating a gory story in which 50 persons were murdered? I am going to ask her: Did you saw Walter Salazar shoot? What is she going to tell me? These are sterile activities.
\\n[Lorena]: During a year and a half of hearings, the defense’s strategy has not changed: They imply that the dead people were subversive guerrillas and that the mass graves, where the victims were found, were guerrilla’s cemeteries. But maintaining this argument convincing has been a hard task. Testimonies and forensic evidence contradict it.
\\nOn August 16th three experts from the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team came to San Francisco Gotera to testify. They were the ones that did the firsts exhumations back in 1992.
\\n[Lorena]: Anthropologists Mercedes Doretti, Patricia Bernardi and Silvana Turner took down the defense’s hypothesis. The evidence indicates that the mass graves were no clandestine cemeteries and they affirm that the victims didn’t die in an armed confrontation.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: We still have hope that there is justice but there is a lot of corruption…
\\n[Lorena]: It will be a year since Dorila Márquez testified in the courtroom on October 13th
\\n[Dorila]: I’ve been willing to give my testimony. I tell them that everything happened and it’s a reality and it deserves that we keep sharing it with the world. I don’t want that anything like this to be repeated. It is dreadful that the Salvadoran Army, the entity that should protect us, had done something like this… killing innocent people, children, elderly and pregnant women. What they’d done was an injustice.
\\n[Ximena]: 46 witnesses have testified and there are still 12 unregistered survivors summoned by the prosecutors that have not been listened yet. This rural courtroom is little and is far away from the country’s capital and the national interests. With the exception of El Faro and Factum magazine that have been following closely the trial, there is little interest by the media.
\\nA big contrast with the thousands of foreign reporters that at some point covered the conflict as one of the last shows of the Cold War
\\n[Lorena]: El Mozote massacre is the first and only conflict trial. But the court case seems doomed to last for years. In early September a judge from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the court that condemned the State for the crime, visited the Morazán hamlets and demanded to the Salvadoran State more resources to the prosecutors and the court that reopened the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The magnitude of this task is especially daunting as the file has more than 19 thousand pages and just 8 persons reviewing them.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The people are conscious of what is going on. They are happy to see for the first time the accused sitting in a court. They thought that it would be only a dream to see the people that murdered their loved ones in a Tribunal. The other dream is that this continues and a penalizing sentence comes because this is proved… there is criminal participation.
\\n[Lorena]: The survivors in El Salvador have waited for 36 years to tell the harm they lived, the infinite losses and the pain they have been experienced from that moment. However, their stories are also an example of resistance and organization as the fight to preserve the past is necessary to build real peace in the future.
\\n[Ximena]: In our countries stories like the ones from Amadeo, Serafín, Dorila y Genaro could be a reflection of the wounds that our conflicts have caused. We believe that these stories are important for Mexico and Colombia where after years of violence a future of peace is considered. What can we learn from El Salvador’s experience that started to travel these roads 26 years ago?
\\n[Lorena]: In Colombia where 60 years of war left 218 thousand deaths teaches us that:
\\nThe signature of a peace agreement doesn’t automatically lead to peace.
\\nReconciliation and forgiveness cannot be imposed.
\\nAnd the media cannot be limited to register the war atrocities, instead, they should support the post-conflict years.
\\n[Ximena]: In Mexico, after a decade of the public security’s militarization, the amount of victims is similar to any armed conflict in the continent.
\\nEven though we are talking about the peace-building process, we are facing the task of reconciling a society that still lives in the violence.
\\nIt is key to understand from El Salvador the risks that bring institutionalizing forgiveness without a justice process for the victims.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n***
\\nOn the next episode:
\\nTHE TESTIMONY OF GUATEMALA
\\nInstititutional voice: There were horror days. We come to Guatemala to understand Creompaz process, the biggest case of forced disappearance of Latin America.
\\nInstititutional voice:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to the International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete and Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT ABOUT THE PEACE ACCORD)
\\n[Institutional voice]: And on December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(ÁLVARO ARZÚ’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories of the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(COURTROOM’S AUDIO, SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA, EL SALVADOR)
\\n[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: Good morning. You may be seated. I hope you’ve had a nice journey.
\\n[Ximena Natera]: We are in a San Francisco Gotera’s courtroom located in the north of El Salvador, where a 66-year-old farmer gets ready to take the stand and begin his testimony. He sits among the public and looks nervous about the lawyers’ presence.
\\n[Lorena Vega]: The session has just started and the defense presents a petition that looks for the delay of the process. The judge denies it. 40 minutes later it’s the witness turn.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: I am going to ask Mr. Genaro Sánchez Díaz, if he is in this courtroom, to stand up.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro stands up, walks and sits in a chair next to the judge. The air conditioning is set in a freezing configuration and makes the courtroom contrast with the searingly hot street.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Witness Genaro Sánchez… Do you swear to tell nothing but the truth?
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro speaks quietly but answers affirmatively. He sits and officially starts his declaration.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Firstly, witness… Would you give us your names, your age, and occupation?
\\n[Ximena]: It is not the first time that Genaro appears before this court. When he was 49 years old during the heat of the Salvadoran Civil War on April 10th, 1991, the farmer denounced Atlacatl Battalion for the murder of one of his sons, his neighbors, and friends in the community of La Joya in what is known as El Mozote Massacre and nearby places.
\\nThat testimony was registered in a document that today, 26 years later, is read by the assistant judge.
\\n[Assistant judge]: On December 10th, 1981, the Salvadoran Army entered La Arada Vieja located to the south of Jocoatique at 1 pm and started shooting towards La Joya. The gunfire was made by unknown troops and not a single badge was seen. He said that at the same time he saw how the helicopters were landing.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro told on his first declaration that he survived because he fled with his wife and 5 of his children when he heard the gunfire. He came back to the zone one week later just to recognize his dead son’s body as he couldn’t escape.
\\n[Assistant judge]: 7 days later Sotero Guevara, Patricia Díaz and the declarant went to Sotero Guevara’s house and find it burned and the bodies of Petrona Chicas, Catalina Chicas, Justa Guevara, Jacinta Guevara, and the declarant’s 4-year-old son.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro was not the only survivor who went to court to denounce the massacre before the end of the civil war that left more than 75 thousand deaths in 12 years.
\\n16 survivors denounced the massacre between 1990 and 1991. The first one was Pedro Chicas. The stories were full of violent details like the murder of newborn babies. These details were branded as lies by the officials and were archived.
\\nThe file is dusted off in this hearing and Genaro listens to his voice in other testimony two decades later.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Now I want you to tell if that was the same declaration you gave in 1991.
\\n[Genaro Guevara]: Yes, it is.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro now has the chance to add details to his declaration and answer the questions of the judge, the prosecutor and defense’s lawyers. But… What happened to a court case that was doomed to the impunity that now is back in the tribunals?
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: Hi, Dorila lives here.
\\n[Ximena]: With Serafin guiding us through Morazán’s communities, we look for one of the houses that withstood the Military raid in 1981.
\\n[Ximena]: Is it in here?
\\n[Lorena]: We enter the house’s yard and there she is.
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: My name is María Dorila Márquez de Márquez.
\\n[Ximena]: María Dorila has a great memory and remembers every detail of the Military’s arrival to his hamlet. She tells that on the firsts days of December a rumor started and it said that the Military was going to fight the Guerrillas in the area. Rumors also suggested that the inhabitants should reunite on El Mozote’s plaza to be safe.
\\n[Dorila]: The Military told them that they should go to the plaza to be safe. The people from all those houses had left and we were left alone here in this house.
\\n[Ximena]: Dorila, his husband and his two sons, one of them a baby, decided not to go to the plaza. They stayed in their home, the very same house in which we are today until the soldiers started to look in the nearby houses.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband saw that they had burnt all those houses and asked me to go and see with him. We could see the house of my husband’s sister. There was one of his brothers that was with his pregnant lady and we saw when the soldiers arrived. We heard shooting. Later we saw a soldier running out of the house after a girl and boy crying. They went to the back of the house. We heard another shooting and after that, the girl’s crying no longer could be heard.
\\n**[Lorena]: **Moved by the fear, the family decides to take the risk and flee. They tried to walk to the community known as Los Toriles but they couldn’t go very far.
\\n[Dorila]: When we had already crossed all that plan, they made fire. It was the soldiers that were on the other hill where they were shooting the mortar and there I stood. I was with the baby and the other that walked beside me.
\\nMy husband was wearing a hat and raised his hand with the hat to show them we had no guns. I raised one hand too because with the other arm I was holding the baby
\\n[Ximena]: They hid in a cornfield, and through the whistling of bullets, decided to go back home.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were almost there my son told me: ”Ouch, mom, they hit me”. I told him that he probably stood over a spike and didn’t care much about it until we arrived here. There was a little bench where I sit and my son lied down on me. He raised his foot and I saw that it was true: they had shot my son.
\\n[Lorena]: With the wounded boy the only choice left for the family was to wait. They never understood why the soldiers didn’t break into their house.
\\n[Ximena]: They tried to flee for the second time the night of December 11th. They walked for hours but the full moon made the things difficult as it was hard for them to hide and this slowed them down.
\\n**[Lorena]: **It was almost dawn when they arrived at Los Toriles. There they saw how the last houses were falling.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband’s brother was murdered with all his family. There they killed all the people. We passed by and saw that the house was burning but as it was still dark, we didn’t saw them. It was a miracle that we didn’t step on them because after we passed, they left the bodies on one side of the road. There they murdered José, Marta, and the children.
\\n[Ximena]: She didn’t lose only her husband’s family. In El Mozote’s plaza where the soldiers previously had concentrated the people, Dorila’s parents, brothers, and sisters died. Almost a thousand of Salvadorans were murdered by State forces between December 10th and December 13th of 1981 in eight Morazán communities.
\\n[Lorena]: They came back to this house and El Mozote before January 16th, 1992, when the government and Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional’s guerrilla signed the Peace Accords in México.
\\n[Ximena]: In November of that year San Francisco Gotera’s Judge was moved by the victims and ordered the firsts exhumations. This as part of the investigation that wanted to determine if the Salvadoran Army had committed a massacre. To El Mozote arrived The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team where they found 147 children’s bones.
\\n[Dorila]: The DNA tests couldn’t be done to all the people that were exhumated, as there was not much of a help as it is today. They were just buried again in these mass graves. I don’t know where my father, my sister and my little brother ended.
\\n[Lorena]: The government, FMNL, and the Legislative Assembly approved the Amnesty Law four months later on March 20th, 1993 interrupting the investigation.
\\nThis Law put a stop to all the legal processes that were investigating the conflict crimes and ignored the Truth Commission’s report that pointed the Salvadoran Army as main responsible of the massacre. It was a hard hit to the victims
\\n[Ximena]: But the battle for justice didn’t stop there. Dorila and other survivors of the massacre created the El Mozote’s Human Rights Promoting Association. They’ve dedicated to collect testimonies of other inhabitants for years.
\\nWilfredo Medrano, one of the lawyers that leads the legal battle recognizes their efforts.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: It shows their persistence because the same people sometimes asked hopelessly what they could do. It was the people´s motivation that made us question ourselves what we were going to do with this archived case as the judges were not moving it.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The massacre’s process was frozen in October 2003 when Jorge Alberto Guzmán assumed his seat as San Francisco Gotera’s First Instance Judge. We met him at his office and asked him: How is it possible that the court case of the biggest massacre of Latin America is in his chamber and not in a tribunal in San Salvador?
\\n[Lorena]: Why El Mozote’s court case is held by you and not another judicial authority in the capital of the country?
\\n[Judge Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: The complaint was raised in 1990 in these judicial headquarters, that’s why this was the right tribunal and still it is now.
\\n[Ximena]: Judge Guzmán is a cautious man. He doesn’t give too many interviews and asks us not to take any pictures. He starts telling us that when he assumed as a judge, he was hamstrung by the Amnesty law.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: At that moment there were no accused individualized. The case judge issued the Nolle prosequi in a big manner so it could benefit anyone involved in the things that happened. From then on the process was completely paralyzed.
\\n[Lorena]: The investigation stopped so early that it wasn’t even determined if the victims had died in a massacre.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: It was needed more proofs to determine if there was a massacre on that place (..) Collecting evidence is not enough, you must prove that these people died from acts of violence and until that moment that was not the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The evidence that the judge didn’t consider was the 147 children’s dead bodies that were found by the Argentinian anthropologists.
\\nThe Mozote victims and the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association’s lawyers had been collecting proof of the massacre for years to raise it to international courts. It took them almost another decade to submit the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were going to the Court, they asked us 500 victims’ testimonies and 300 displaced persons’ testimonies. It was so hard because they didn’t want to talk and there are still people that don’t want to talk about because they are afraid. I just tell them that I am not afraid to be murdered because I am not telling lies.
\\n[Lorena]: 1070 cases were documented.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF HEARING IN THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AUDIO ARCHIVE)
\\n[WOMAN IN THE I/A COURT H.R.]: Ladies and gentlemen, the Court.
\\n[Lorena]: On April 23th 2012, 10 years after the Peace Accords, the Court sat in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The case was known as El Mozote and nearby places massacre vs El Salvador.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Please tell us your name.
\\n[Ximena]: Three women testified in the hearing. María Dorila Márquez was one of them. María Dorila is the El Mozote’s Human Rights Association current president and from Ecuador, she gave the world her testimony.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF THE HEARING IN THE I/A COURT H.R.)
\\n[Ovidio Mauricio González]: Has any person involved in the events been penalized?
\\n[Dorila]: From what I know they have not.
\\n[Ovidio]: How the lack of justice has affected you
\\n[Dorila]: It has harmed me a lot because in El Salvador the laws have not been complied with. We are not talking about animals, we are talking about people getting murdered. Children, elderly, pregnant women that were killed and this was never investigated. There was no justice and this has harmed me a lot.
\\n[Ximena]: According to Dorila, the Amnesty Law was the main reason behind the lack of justice.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Can you express how you feel to the fact that there is an Amnesty Law that protects the responsible of the events?
\\n[Dorila]: It hurts me a lot and that’s what I am asking for. I want that law to be repealed so the investigations can continue. I don’t hate the people that did it but they deserve to be penalized. If there was a death penalty in El Salvador, it wouldn’t be enough. But I wouldn’t ask for that, as only God can take away people’s lives as they did with my family.
\\n[Lorena]: Dorila’s testimony and the evidence that had been collected for 20 years by the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association and the survivors were enough for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In a landmark judgment, the Court sentenced the Salvadoran State for El Mozote massacre 6 months after the hearing.
\\n[Ximena]: It concluded that El Salvador violated the right to life and the right to personal integrity and that the victims’ right to justice had been denied.
\\nThe Court ordered to start a reparation process, to perform the exhumations needed and to identify and return the mortal remains to the families. Particularly demanded that the Amnesty Law stopped being a hamper to the investigations.
\\n[Lorena]: It took 4 years to the Salvadoran Justice to comply with the last part. Finally, the victims received the news they have been waiting for decades on July 13th, 2016.
\\n(NEWS ARCHIVE)
\\n[HOST]: The Salvadoran Supreme Court of Justice’s Constitutional room has declared unconstitutional the Amnesty Law of 1993, a year later after the Civil War ended, a law that consolidated peace.
\\n[Ximena]: It was a controversial decision. The government led back then by FMLN’s political party, said that this court ruling endangered the Peace Accords’ achievements and the opportunity to look for justice for the past crimes polarized the country.
\\n[Rosario Ríos]: If you search in here, there is nothing. There is little written record. There is just a little wall with names written on it but that’s it.
\\n[Ximena]: In San Salvador, we met Santiago Nogales, a playwright and his wife, actress Rosario Ríos. They’ve been exploring historic memory through art for years. With Moby Dick, their theater company, they had staged unexplored topics for the country like torture or the 8 thousand people that were victims of forced disappearance in the armed conflict.
\\n(Fragment of the theater play: ”Yo quiero la muerte en gracia, yo quiero un sepulcro, una fosa, una lápida aunque sea”.)
\\n[Rosario]: There are many.
\\n[Santiago Nogales]: There’s an absolute-oblivion.
\\n[Rosario]: That they have no idea you are saying? Please… They’ve been killing each other and they were your grandpas… your parents.
\\n[Santiago]: You’ve said it well. The best thing that can happen to a rotting wound is to stab it and take out all the crap so it can heal cleanly.
\\n[Ximena]: But healing is so difficult for a country that has lived its traumas in silence. The Salvadoran State faded victims into oblivion as a requirement for peace. The parents silenced their wounds and the sons ignore the horrors. The only thing that seems to bound these generations is an impunity covenant: An armed conflict in the past and the gangs’ violence in the present.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law’s end opened a space of hope. On September 30th, 2016 San Francisco Gotera’s Judge, Jorge Alberto Guzmán, reopened El Mozote’s court case.
\\nThe first step was to identify those allegedly responsible for the Tierra Arrasada Military raid.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: There were 32 accused but 13 had already passed away. So there are 18 persons subject to this court proceeding.
\\n[Ximena]: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, Atlacatl Battalion commander, was the man responsible for the massacre according to many people.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: There are lots of witnesses and survivors that saw him giving instructions and ordering how to torture the farmers to get information.
\\n[Lorena]: Monterrosa was never penalized for his crimes and was murdered in a guerrilla attack in the heat of the armed conflict in 1984.
\\nHe was considered a national hero and even some memorials were raised to remember his heroism at the end of the Civil war.
\\nIn his name, 18 former Military members were called by Judge Guzmán. The highest ranked is General José Guillermo García, minister of defense between 1979 and 1981.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Most of them are high ranked Military members. There are generals, lieutenants and a captain. All of them are between 60 and 80 years old but they are in perfect physical condition to be processed. They should not be exempt from their criminal responsibility as they had big power as high ranked Military members.
\\n[Ximena]: Six months after the court case was opened, the former Military members appeared before the Tribunal. It was on March 29, 2017, and it is now stuck on Dorila Márquez’s memory as the day the Military members mocked of them again.
\\n[Dorila]: When the Judge’s secretary was reading all the charges against them, they were giggling and making jokes among them. They looked at us and started talking privately. They were not paying attention to all the charges against them. Why the victims have to suffer the revictimization?
\\n[Lorena]: That day the victims were hoping to see the Military members handcuffed and in their way to jail after all they were accused of 9 crimes: murderer, aggravated rape, aggravated deprivation of liberty, theft, aggravated damages, assault, acts of terrorism and propositive acts of terrorism.
\\nBut the judge didn’t consider necessary to incarcerate them.
\\n[Judge Sánchez]: There’s still necessary to settle bigger participation of them. Because the only proof that we have right now is that they were leading the Military back then but that’s not evidence of them being on the places where the events happened.
\\n(SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA’S COURTROOM AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Military members’ disdain for the victims is so big that they have only shown once. The accused are not in the courtroom where Genaro Sánchez tells how he lived the massacre. The defense’s lawyers try to find contradictions on his words during his interrogation.
\\n[Defense’s lawyer]: I asked with all due respect to the witness if he saw at that moment guerrilla members in the area.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro says that he didn’t. But with this query, the defense is trying to question the alleged closeness between guerrillas and the victims.
\\n[Defense´s lawyer]: He said that he heard Radio Venceremos and he also said in his testimony that he was mobile so I ask him if he saw the people that were with Radio Venceremos.
\\n[Ximena]: The alleged closeness between the witnesses and the guerrillas is a theory that Lisandro Quintanilla, an accused’s lawyer, tries to use to discredit the massacre.
\\n[Lisandro Quintanilla]: Which is the evidence that tells us that these people were not guerrillas or that they were not assisting guerrillas? I don’t know (if there were children) but if there were… Who proves us that those children lived there? We’ve got the National Statistic Division’s population census. And we are going to use all of that. They are talking about thousands of deaths and that’s a lie. The population of those hamlets barely reached a hundred people.
\\n[Ximena]: The witnesses have started to contradict themselves according to Quintanilla.
\\n[Lorena]: How can they determine if a testimony has contradictions if they are not even listening to the people that after all these years have the chance to appear in court?
\\n[Quintanilla]: Why should I go? What questions should I ask a lady that is narrating a gory story in which 50 persons were murdered? I am going to ask her: Did you saw Walter Salazar shoot? What is she going to tell me? These are sterile activities.
\\n[Lorena]: During a year and a half of hearings, the defense’s strategy has not changed: They imply that the dead people were subversive guerrillas and that the mass graves, where the victims were found, were guerrilla’s cemeteries. But maintaining this argument convincing has been a hard task. Testimonies and forensic evidence contradict it.
\\nOn August 16th three experts from the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team came to San Francisco Gotera to testify. They were the ones that did the firsts exhumations back in 1992.
\\n[Lorena]: Anthropologists Mercedes Doretti, Patricia Bernardi and Silvana Turner took down the defense’s hypothesis. The evidence indicates that the mass graves were no clandestine cemeteries and they affirm that the victims didn’t die in an armed confrontation.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: We still have hope that there is justice but there is a lot of corruption…
\\n[Lorena]: It will be a year since Dorila Márquez testified in the courtroom on October 13th
\\n[Dorila]: I’ve been willing to give my testimony. I tell them that everything happened and it’s a reality and it deserves that we keep sharing it with the world. I don’t want that anything like this to be repeated. It is dreadful that the Salvadoran Army, the entity that should protect us, had done something like this… killing innocent people, children, elderly and pregnant women. What they’d done was an injustice.
\\n[Ximena]: 46 witnesses have testified and there are still 12 unregistered survivors summoned by the prosecutors that have not been listened yet. This rural courtroom is little and is far away from the country’s capital and the national interests. With the exception of El Faro and Factum magazine that have been following closely the trial, there is little interest by the media.
\\nA big contrast with the thousands of foreign reporters that at some point covered the conflict as one of the last shows of the Cold War
\\n[Lorena]: El Mozote massacre is the first and only conflict trial. But the court case seems doomed to last for years. In early September a judge from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the court that condemned the State for the crime, visited the Morazán hamlets and demanded to the Salvadoran State more resources to the prosecutors and the court that reopened the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The magnitude of this task is especially daunting as the file has more than 19 thousand pages and just 8 persons reviewing them.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The people are conscious of what is going on. They are happy to see for the first time the accused sitting in a court. They thought that it would be only a dream to see the people that murdered their loved ones in a Tribunal. The other dream is that this continues and a penalizing sentence comes because this is proved… there is criminal participation.
\\n[Lorena]: The survivors in El Salvador have waited for 36 years to tell the harm they lived, the infinite losses and the pain they have been experienced from that moment. However, their stories are also an example of resistance and organization as the fight to preserve the past is necessary to build real peace in the future.
\\n[Ximena]: In our countries stories like the ones from Amadeo, Serafín, Dorila y Genaro could be a reflection of the wounds that our conflicts have caused. We believe that these stories are important for Mexico and Colombia where after years of violence a future of peace is considered. What can we learn from El Salvador’s experience that started to travel these roads 26 years ago?
\\n[Lorena]: In Colombia where 60 years of war left 218 thousand deaths teaches us that:
\\nThe signature of a peace agreement doesn’t automatically lead to peace.
\\nReconciliation and forgiveness cannot be imposed.
\\nAnd the media cannot be limited to register the war atrocities, instead, they should support the post-conflict years.
\\n[Ximena]: In Mexico, after a decade of the public security’s militarization, the amount of victims is similar to any armed conflict in the continent.
\\nEven though we are talking about the peace-building process, we are facing the task of reconciling a society that still lives in the violence.
\\nIt is key to understand from El Salvador the risks that bring institutionalizing forgiveness without a justice process for the victims.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n***
\\nOn the next episode:
\\n(THE TESTIMONY OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Instititutional voice]: There were horror days. We come to Guatemala to understand Creompaz process, the biggest case of forced disappearance of Latin America.
\\n[Instititutional voice]:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to the International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete and Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
\",\"id\":\"/develop/gatsbyjs/voces-contra-impunidad/blog/2018-09-11/trans-english.md absPath of file >>> MarkdownRemark\",\"timeToRead\":37,\"frontmatter\":{\"date\":\"2019-01-29T00:00:00.408Z\",\"path\":\"/transcripcion-ingles/militares-al-banquillo.html\",\"category\":\"El Salvador\",\"title\":\"Military to the dock\",\"active\":true,\"home\":false}},\"next\":{\"excerpt\":\"En Guatemala, mientras la sociedad civil se organiza para acabar con el círculo de impunidad que ha rodeado los crímenes de la guerra, el sistema de justicia apuesta por el olvido. El caso Creompaz, uno de los pocos en llegar a las cortes, se alarga…\",\"html\":\"En Guatemala, mientras la sociedad civil se organiza para acabar con el círculo de impunidad que ha rodeado los crímenes de la guerra, el sistema de justicia apuesta por el olvido. El caso Creompaz, uno de los pocos en llegar a las cortes, se alarga indefinidamente. Así, la batalla es también contra el tiempo: los testigos y los sobrevivientes de las atrocidades envejecen rápidamente y una nueva generación, marcada por las heridas de sus padres, se prepara para asumir el relevo.
\",\"id\":\"/develop/gatsbyjs/voces-contra-impunidad/blog/2018-09-25/index.md absPath of file >>> MarkdownRemark\",\"timeToRead\":1,\"frontmatter\":{\"date\":\"2018-09-25T00:00:00.408Z\",\"path\":\"/recuperar-a-los-seres-queridos-uno-por-uno.html\",\"category\":\"Guatemala\",\"title\":\"Recuperar a los seres queridos, uno por uno\",\"active\":true,\"home\":true}}}}\n\n/***/ })\n\n});\n\n\n// WEBPACK FOOTER //\n// path---transcripcion-espanol-militares-al-banquillo-html-2d8fc1e5d9bc12be7e9b.js","module.exports = {\"data\":{\"markdownRemark\":{\"htmlAst\":{\"type\":\"root\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"La batalla por la justicia en el caso de la masacre más grande de América Latina se lleva a cabo en un pequeño juzgado rural al norte de El Salvador, lejos del interés nacional. Mientras un coro de voces recrea los tres días de horror que se vivieron en diciembre de 1981, la defensa de los militares tilda el juicio de espectáculo y llama a las víctimas “fantasiosas”. ¿Cómo sana una sociedad que ha enfrentado el trauma de la guerra en un silencio forzado? “Con justicia”, responden las víctimas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"div\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"ga-link\",\"properties\":{\"to\":\"/militares-al-banquillo.html\",\"className\":[\"ga-button\"]},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Volver al audio\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El 16 de enero de 1992 El Salvador firmó un acuerdo de paz que terminó con 12 años de guerra.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(FULL ARCHIVO DISCURSO DE ALFREDO CRISTIANI, EX PRESIDENTE SALVADOREÑO SOBRE EL ACUERDO DE PAZ)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Y el 29 de diciembre de 1996 fue el turno para Guatemala.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(FULL ARCHIVO: DISCURSO DE ÁLVARO ARZÚ, EX PRESIDENTE DE GUATEMALA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Dos décadas después las heridas de la guerra siguen abiertas. Ximena Natera de Pie de Página de México y Lorena Vega de Radio Nacional de Colombia presentan Testigos de la guerra, voces contra la impunidad, historias de lucha por la memoria y la justicia en El Salvador y Guatemala.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"***\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO SALA DE AUDIENCIAS, SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA, EL SALVADOR)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Buenos días. Pueden sentarse. Espero que hayan tenido un buen viaje.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena Natera]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Estamos en una sala de audiencias del municipio San Francisco Gotera, en el norte de El Salvador, donde un campesino de 66 años se alista para pasar al estrado.\\nEstá sentado entre el público y lo vemos nervioso ante la presencia de los abogados.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena Vega]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Apenas inicia la sesión, la defensa presenta una petición que busca dilatar el juicio. El juez los escucha pero la niega. Después de 40 minutos llega el turno del testigo.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Genaro Guevara]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Voy a pedir al señor Genaro Sánchez Díaz, si se encuentra presente en esta sala de audiencias, que se ponga de pie.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Genaro se levanta, camina y se sienta en una silla al lado del juez. El aire acondicionado que congela la sala y contrasta con los más de 30 grados de la calle.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Testigo Genaro Sánchez, jura usted decir la verdad a todo lo que se le va a preguntar esta mañana.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El tono de voz de Genaro es bajo pero responde que sí. Se sienta e inicia oficialmente su declaración.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Primeramente, testigo, quisiera que me diera sus nombres y apellidos, su edad y ocupación.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" No es la primera vez que Genaro comparece ante este juzgado. El 10 de abril de 1991, cuando tenía 49 años, en plena guerra civil de El Salvador, el campesino denunció al batallón del ejército Atlacatl por el asesinato de uno de sus hijos, vecinos y amigos de la comunidad La Joya, en lo que se conoce judicialmente como la masacre de El Mozote y lugares aledaños.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"El testimonio quedó registrado en un documento, que hoy, 26 años después, lee el asistente del juez.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Asistente del juez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Que el día 10 de diciembre de 1981, el Ejército del gobierno incursionó al lugar La Arada Vieja, al sur de Jocoaitique, a la 1 de la tarde y disparaban hacia La Joya; que los disparos los hacía la tropa sin conocer a ninguno de la tropa y ni les vio insignia alguna; que al mismo tiempo vio que aterrizaban helicópteros.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En su primera declaración Genaro contó que se salvó porque él, su esposa y 5 de sus de sus hijos, huyeron cuando comenzaron los disparos. A la zona volvió una semana después solo para reconocer el cuerpo del hijo que no alcanzó a escapar.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Asistente del juez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Y como a los 7 días después Sotero Guevara, Patricio Díaz y el declarante se fueron a la casa de Sotero Guevara encontrando la casa de esta quemada, y junto a esta los cadáveres de Petrona Chicas, Catalina Chicas, menor, Justa Guevara, Jacinta Guevara, este de cuatro años e hijo del declarante natural.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Genaro no fue el único sobreviviente que acudió al juzgado a denunciar la matanza antes de que finalizara la guerra civil que dejó más de 75 mil muertos en 12 años.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Entre 1990 y 1991, 16 sobrevivientes más denunciaron la masacre. El primero fue Pedro Chicas. Las historias de los testigos estaban llenas de detalles tan violentos, como el asesinato de bebés recién nacidos, que los funcionarios judiciales los tildaron de mentirosos y archivaron las declaraciones.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Dos décadas después el expediente es desempolvado en esta audiencia y Genaro escucha en voz de otro su testimonio.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ahora quiero que usted me diga si es la misma declaración que usted brindó en 1991.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Genaro]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\": Sí.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Genaro tiene la oportunidad de agregar detalles a su declaración y de paso, contestar las preguntas del juez, el fiscal y los abogados de la defensa.Pero ¿cómo fue que un caso que estaba condenado a la impunidad regresó a la corte?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín Gómez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Buenas, aquí vive Dorila.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Con la ayuda de Serafín, que nos guía por la comunidades de Morazán, buscamos una de las pocas casas que se mantuvo en pie después de la incursión militar de 1981.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿sí será aquí?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Entramos al patio de la casa y ahí está ella.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila Márquez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Mi nombre es María Dorila Márquez de Márquez.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" María Dorila goza de buena memoria, recuerda cada detalle de la llegada de los militares a su caserío. Cuenta que en los primeros días de diciembre corrió el rumor de que el ejército de El Salvador iba a enfrentar a la guerrilla en la zona. Los rumores también sugerían que los habitantes debían reunirse en la plaza del Mozote para estar a salvo.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Los militares les habían dicho que se salieran a la plaza que ahí sí se iban a salvar. Las personas de todas estas casitas se habían salido, aquí solo quedamos nosotros en esta casa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Pero ni Dorila, ni su esposo ni sus dos hijos, uno de ellos de brazos, salieron a la plaza. Se quedaron en su casa, la misma en la que estamos hoy, hasta que los soldados comenzaron a buscar en las viviendas cercanas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Mi esposo vio que habían quemado todas esas casas, me dijo que nos saliéramos a ver. Se veía la casa de la hermana de él, allá se había ido a refugiar un hermano de él que estaba con la compañera de vida embarazada y vimos cuando llegaron los militares se oyeron ráfagas, después salió un soldado corriendo y una niña salió delante de él con un niño en la cintura gritando, llorando y el soldado atrás, se fueron para atrás de la casa, se escuchó otra ráfaga, ya no lloró la niña.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El miedo hizo que la familia arriesgara a huir. Intentaron caminar a la comunidad vecina Los Toriles pero no llegaron muy lejos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando ya habíamos cruzado todo ese plan nos hicieron ráfagas los soldados que estaban en el otro cerrito donde estuvieron disparando el mortero y allá me quedé parada, iba con el niño \"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"em\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"chineado\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" y otro que iba caminando a la par de mí. Mi esposo, hasta sombrero usaba, levantaba la mano con el sombrero para que vieran que no andábamos con armas y yo levantaba una mano porque con la otra llevaba el niño.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Se escondieron entre un maizal y en medio de las balas decidieron regresar a casa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando ya veníamos llegando me dice mi hijo, ay mami me pegaron, le dije yo, no debe ser alguna espina y no le presté mucho atención a mi hijo hasta que llegamos acá. Estaba una banca, me senté, el niño se sentó al otro lado, se recostó en mí, subió el pie y vi que era cierto que le habían dado un balazo a mi hijo.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Con el niño herido a la familia solo le quedó esperar. Nunca entendieron por qué los soldados no entraron a su casa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La noche de 11 de diciembre intentaron huir por segunda vez. Caminaron horas pero la luna llena evitaba que se pudieran ocultar bien y alentó su paso.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Estaba amaneciendo cuando llegaron a los Toriles, justo para ver cómo caían las últimas casas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" A ese hermano de mi esposo lo asesinaron con toda la familia, allí asesinaron a todas las personas. Ahí pasamos, solo vimos que estaban quemándose lo último de la casa, pero como estaba algo oscuro todavía no los vimos a ellos, pasamos, que por puro milagro de Dios no nos paramos encima de ellos porque después que vinimos, a la orilla del camino los habían dejado a ellos, ahí habían asesinado a José, a Marta y los niños.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" No solo perdió a la familia de su esposo. En la plaza de El Mozote, donde los soldados habían concentrado a la gente murieron los padres y hermanos de Dorila.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Casi mil salvadoreños fueron asesinados por fuerzas del Estado entre el 10 y 13 de diciembre de 1981 en ocho poblaciones de Morazán.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Al Mozote y a esta casa volvieron antes del 16 de enero de 1992, cuando el Gobierno y la guerrilla del Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional firmaron el acuerdo de paz en México.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En noviembre de ese año, impulsado por las víctimas, el Juez San Francisco Gotera ordenó las primeras exhumaciones. Esto como parte de la investigación para determinar si era cierto que el Ejército salvadoreño había cometido una masacre.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Al Mozote llegó el Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense donde hallaron los restos de 147 niños.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En ese tiempo a todas las personas que exhumaron, cómo no había ayuda como hay hoy, no se les pudo hacer el ADN a las personas, se sepultaron así no más, eran fosas comunes. Mi padre, mi padre, mi hermana y mi hermanito no sé adónde quedaron.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuatro meses después, el 20 de marzo de 1993 y en medio de la investigación, el Gobierno, el FMLN y la Asamblea Legislativa aprobaron La Ley de Amnistía. La ley frenó todos procesos judiciales por los crímenes del conflicto y desconoció el informe de la Comisión de la Verdad que señalaba al ejército como autor de la masacre. Fue un duro golpe para las víctimas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Pero la lucha por la justicia no paró ahí. Dorila y otros de los sobrevivientes de la masacre crearon la asociación Promotora de Derechos Humanos de El Mozote. Por años se dedicaron a recabar los testimonios de los otros pobladores.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Wilfredo Medrano, uno de los abogados que lidera la batalla judicial, reconoce su lucha.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo Medrano]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La perseverancia, verdad, porque la misma gente decía que vamos a hacer. Es el empuje de la gente que lleva a que nosotros también nos cuestionáramos qué vamos a hacer con este caso archivado, los jueces no los mueven.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El proceso por la masacre estaba congelado en octubre de 2003 cuando Jorge Alberto Guzmán asumió como juez de Primera Instancia de San Francisco Gotera.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Con él nos reunimos una mañana en su despacho y le preguntamos ¿Cómo fue que el caso de la masacre más grande de América Latina está en su despacho y no en un tribunal en la capital?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Por qué el caso de El Mozote lo lleva usted y no otra instancia en la capital?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La denuncia fue interpuesta en 1990 en esta sede judicial, por eso el tribunal competente era este tribunal y lo sigue siendo ahora.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El juez Guzmán es un hombre prevenido. No concede muchas entrevistas y nos pide no fotografiarlo. Nos cuenta que cuando cuando llegó al juzgado tenía las manos atadas por la ley de Amnistía.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En ese momento no había imputados individualizados, el juez de la causa dictó el sobreseimiento de forma amplia a favor de cualquier persona que haya participado en estos hechos. A partir de ese momento el proceso quedó totalmente paralizado.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La investigación había avanzado tan poco que ni siquiera se había determinado que las víctimas habían muerto en una masacre.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Esos indicios que hasta ese momento no eran suficientes para determinar que haya existido en ese lugar una masacre (…) no basta con recuperar las evidencias, hay que establecer que esas personas murieron a través de actos de violencia y hasta ese momento eso no existía.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Las evidencias que el juez no consideró suficientes fueron los cuerpos de 147 niños recuperados por los antropólogos argentinos. Por esas fechas, las víctimas del Mozote y los abogados de Tutela Legal llevaban años recopilando pruebas de la masacre para llevar el caso a instancias internacionales.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Les llevó casi otra década llegar hasta la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando íbamos a ir a la Corte nos pedía 500 testimonios de víctimas y 300 de desplazados, y fue tan duro porque no querían hablar las personas y hay personas que todavía no quieren hablar porque tienen temor. Yo les digo que no tengo temor a que me asesinen a que me maten por la verdad porque yo no estoy inventando.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Se documentaron 1070 casos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO DE ARCHIVO SALA DE AUDIENCIAS DE LA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DERECHOS HUMANOS)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Mujer en la CIDH]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Señoras y señores, la corte.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El 23 de abril de 2012, 10 años después de la firma de la paz, la Corte sesionó en Guayaquil, Ecuador. El caso recibió el nombre de Masacres de El Mozote y lugares aledaños Vs. El Salvador.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Mujer en la CIDH]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Por favor su nombre.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En la audiencia tres mujeres testificaron, entre ellas María Dorila Márquez, que hoy en día es la presidenta de la Asociación de Derechos Humanos de El Mozote.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Desde Ecuador Dorila dio al mundo su testimonio.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO DE LA AUDIENCIA EN LA CIDH)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ovidio Mauricio González]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Alguna persona involucrada en los hechos ha sido sancionada?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" de lo que me dé cuenta no\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ovidio]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿de qué manera le ha afectado la falta de justicia en estos hechos?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Mucho me ha dañado, porque yo veo que en El Salvador nunca ha habido, no se han cumplido las leyes, como les digo yo, ahí no fueron animales los que mataron, ahí fueron personas, fueron niños, fueron ancianos, mujeres embarazadas y nunca se investigó no se hizo justicia. Mucho me han dañado.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Para Dorila la Ley de Amnistía era la causa de la falta de justicia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez CIDH]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Puede expresar cómo se siente frente al hecho de que exista una ley de amnistía que impide que los responsables sean juzgados?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Me duele mucho y eso es lo que pido, que deroguen esa ley para que investiguen y para que, yo no es que odie a las personas que lo hicieron, pero sí merecen, como les digo yo, si en El Salvador hubiese pena de muerte sería poco para las personas que hicieron eso, pero yo no pediría eso, solo Dios puede quitar la vida como hicieron con mi familia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El testimonio de Dorila y las pruebas recopiladas durante 20 años por Tutela Legal y los sobrevivientes fueron suficientes para la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Seis meses después de la audiencia, el 25 de octubre de 2012, la Corte, en una sentencia histórica, condenó al Estado Salvadoreño por la masacre de El Mozote y otras siete poblaciones de Morazán.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Concluyó que El Salvador violó el derecho a la vida, a la integridad personal y que negó a las víctimas el derecho a la justicia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Ordenó el inicio de un proceso de reparación, que se realizaran las exhumaciones que faltaban además de identificar y entregar los restos. Sobre todo, exigía garantizar que la Ley de Amnistía no siguiera siendo un obstáculo para la investigación.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" A la justicia salvadoreña le tomó otros cuatro años acatar esto último.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Finalmente, el 13 de julio de 2016, las víctimas recibieron la noticia que habían esperado por décadas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(ARCHIVO NOTICIERO)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Presentador]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La Sala de lo Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de El Salvador declaró inconstitucional la Ley de Amnistía de 1993, un año después de terminada la guerra civil, una ley que consolidaba la paz.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La decisión generó polémica. Desde el gobierno, liderado en ese momento por el partido político del FMLN se dijo que la sentencia ponía en peligro los logros del acuerdo de paz y la oportunidad de buscar justicia por los crímenes del pasado polarizó al país.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Rosario Ríos]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Aquí si tú buscas no hay nada. Hay muy poco registro escrito, no existe nada, solamente hay un murito que dice los nombres y ya está y algunas cosas\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" : En San Salvador, nos reunimos con Santiago Nogales, dramaturgo y su esposa, la actriz Rosario Ríos. Por años se han dedicado a explorar el tema de la memoria histórica a través de las artes y la educación. Con su compañía de teatro Moby Dick, han puesto en escena temas de los que poco se habla en el país, como la tortura y la desaparición forzada de las más de 8 mil personas que dejó el conflicto.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[EXTRACTO OBRA DE TEATRO]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"”Yo quiero l a muerte en gracia, yo quiero un sepulcro, una fosa, una lápida aunque sea”.)\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Rosario]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Hay muchos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Santiago Nogales]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Es olvido absoluto.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Rosario]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Que no tienen ni idea, que dices, por favor, se han estado matando entre todos y eran tus abuelos, tus papás.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Santiago]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" como muy bien lo has dicho, lo mejor que le puede pasar a una herida que se está pudriendo es zanjarla y que salga la porquería y luego cicatrice en limpio.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Pero sanar es difícil para un país que vivió en silencio los traumas. Desde el estado, se impuso el olvido a las víctimas como un requisito para construir la paz. Los padres callaron las heridas y los hijos desconocen los horrores. Lo único que parece unir a estas generaciones es un pacto de impunidad: ayer con el conflicto armado y hoy con la violencia que traen las pandillas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El fin de la amnistía abrió un espacio de esperanza. El 30 de septiembre de 2016 el juez de San Francisco Gotera, Jorge Alberto Guzmán, reabrió el caso El Mozote. El primer paso fue identificar a los presuntos responsables del operativo militar Tierra Arrasada.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" De esos 32, 13 habían fallecido, así que son 18 los que están sometidos al proceso, debidamente identificados.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Para muchos, el máximo responsable de la masacre había sido el teniente coronel Domingo Monterrosa, comandante del Batallón Atlacatl.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo Medrano]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Hay muchos testigos y sobrevivientes que lo vieron dando instrucciones y ordenando cómo tenían que torturar a los campesinos para sacar algún tipo de información.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Monterrosa nunca pagó por sus crímenes, fue asesinado por la guerrilla en un atentado en 1984, durante el conflicto. Al final fue considerado héroe nacional e incluso se levantaron monumentos en su nombre. En su lugar 18 ex-militares fueron llamados por el juez Guzmán. El de más rango es el general José Guillermo García, ministro de Defensa entre 1979 y 1981.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La mayoría son de alto rango, la mayoría son coroneles, generales, excepto un capitán. La mayoría nadan por 80 o 60 años, pero están en condiciones físicas excelentes para procesarlos, no se les puede eximir de responsabilidad penal y todos han sido militares de alto rango que tuvieron en poder militar en este país.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Seis meses después de abierto el caso, los ex militares comparecieron ante el Juzgado. Fue el 29 de marzo de 2017 y quedó grabado en la memoria de Dorila Márquez como el día en que los militares se burlaron nuevamente de ellos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando el secretario del señor juez le estaba dando lectura de todo lo que se les acusaba, ellos estaban pegando en los codos, se \"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"em\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"secreteaban\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\", se reían, nos miraban y se hablaban a los oídos y no les prestaba nada atención a lo que les estaba dando lectura.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Digo yo ¿por qué a las víctimas nos vuelven a revictimizar?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ese día las víctimas esperaban que los militares salieran del juzgado esposados, camino a la cárcel, después de ser acusados de 9 delitos: asesinato, violación agravada, privación de libertad agravada, robo, daños agravados, allanamiento de morada, estragos especiales, actos de terrorismo y actos propositivos de actos de terrorismo.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Pero el juez no consideró necesario las detener a los militares.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Juez Guzmán]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Aún falta establecer en mayor medida una participación más fuerte de ellos porque el único indicio que se tiene es que son prácticamente los que dirigían la cúpula militar en aquel entonces, pero son hay indicios que hayan estado en las escenas o en los escenarios de los hechos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO SALAS DE AUDIENCIAS EN SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El desdén de los militares por la víctimas es tal que solo se han presentado una vez. En la sala donde Genaro Sánchez cuenta cómo vivió la masacre, no están los acusados para escuchar su testimonio. Durante el Interrogatorio, los abogados de la defensa tratan de buscar contradicciones en sus palabras.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Abogado de la defensa]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Le preguntó al señor testigo con todo respeto si él en su momento vio a gente de la guerrilla en la zona.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Genaro contesta que no, pero con esta pregunta la defensa cuestiona a las víctimas por la supuesta cercanía con la guerrilla.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Abogado de la defensa]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Él habló que oyó la Radio Venceremos y también dijo en su testimonio que era móvil, le preguntó yo, si vio a los que andaban con la Radio Venceremos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La supuesta cercanía de los testigos con la guerrilla, es una teoría con la que Lisandro Quintanilla, abogado de los acusados, pretende desacreditar a la masacre.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lisandro Quintanilla]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Cuál es la prueba de descarte para decir que esas personas no eran guerrilleros? ¿cuál es la prueba de descarte para decir que no colaboraban con la guerrilla. No lo sé (sí había niños) probablemente sí o no ¿quién nos demuestra científicamente que esos niños vivían ahí? Tenemos un censo poblacional de la Dirección Estadística y Censo Poblacional. Todas esas cosas en su momento las vamos a sacar. Ellos hablan de miles muertos, eso es mentira. Las poblaciones de estos cantones, si recoge la información no llegaban ni a 100 personas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Según él, los testigos han caído en contradicciones.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Cómo pueden determinar que hay contradicciones si ni siquiera están yendo a escuchar a las personas que después de tantos años por fin tienen la oportunidad de comparecer en un juicio?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lisandro]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Para qué voy a ir? ¿qué le voy a preguntar a una señora que está narrando una historia dantesca que mataron a 50 personas? Le voy a hacer una pregunta ¿usted vio a Walter Salazar disparar? ¿Qué me va a decir? Son actividades estériles\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En un año y medio de audiencias la estrategia de los defensores ha sido la misma: insinuar que los muertos eran subversivos o que las fosas donde hallaron a las víctimas eran cementerios de la guerrilla. Pero mantener este argumento ha sido difícil, los testimonios y las pruebas forenses lo contradicen.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"El pasado 16 de agosto, se presentaron para testificar en San Francisco Gotera, tres expertas del Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense. Las mismas que en 1992 hicieron las primeras exhumaciones.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Las antropologas Mercedes Doretti, Patricia Bernardi y Silvana Turner tumbaron la hipótesis de los abogados. Las evidencias que presentaron indican que las fosas no corresponden a cementerios clandestinos y aseguraron que las víctimas no murieron en medio de un enfrentamiento.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La esperanza es esa y es la fe que tenemos las víctimas, que haya justicia, pero como hay tanta corrupción.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El próximo 13 de octubre se cumplirá un año desde el día en que Dorila Márquez testificó en el juzgado.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Dorila]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Yo he estado dispuesta a dar mi testimonio, yo les digo que esto que sucedió es una realidad y merece que se les siga dando esa divulgación porque no quiero que eso vuelva a suceder, es tan ingrato lo que vino a hacer el ejército de El Salvador, que es el debe cuidarnos, es el que tiene que cuidar a las personas y fue quien vino a masacrar a personas inocentes, niños, ancianos y mujeres embarazadas, esto fue una injusticia lo que hicieron.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Por la pequeña sala de juzgado rural, alejada de la capital e intereses nacionales, donde se lleva el caso por la la masacre más numerosa de América Latina, han pasado 46 testigos y todavía falta escuchar a 12 sobrevivientes de los que no se tenía registro y que fueron citados por la Fiscalía. El juicio ha sido seguido de cerca por medios como El Faro y revista Factum, más allá de eso, hay poco interés en los medios.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Un contraste con los más de mil reporteros extranjeros que en algún punto cubrieron el conflicto como uno de los últimos espectáculos de la guerra fría.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La masacre en El Mozote es el primer y único juicio por un crimen del conflicto.. Pero el caso parece destinado a extenderse por años. A principios de septiembre, un juez de la Corte Interamericana, la misma que condenó al país por el crimen, visitó los caseríos de Morazán y exigió al estado Salvadoreño destinar más recursos a la fiscalía general de la república y al juzgado que lleva el caso.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La tarea es titánica, el expediente tiene más de 19 mil páginas y solo 8 personas para revisarlas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo Medrano]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La gente está muy consciente, contenta de que por primera vez ha visto sentado a los responsables, de quienes asesinaron a sus seres queridos, los ha visto, para ellos ese era un sueño que nunca lo iban a ver. El otro sueño es que esto continúe, que se dé una sentencia condenatoria porque el cuerpo del delito está probado, hay una participación delincuencial.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En el Salvador, los sobrevivientes han esperado 36 años para poder contar el daño que vivieron, las pérdidas infinitas y el dolor que han llevado a cuestas desde entonces. Sin embargo, sus historias también son un ejemplo de resistencia y de organización. De la lucha por recuperar el pasado para construir un futuro de verdadera paz.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En países como los nuestros historias como las de Amadeo, Serafín, Dorila y Genaro bien podrían ser un reflejo de las heridas que han causado nuestros conflictos. Estos relatos, creemos son fundamentales para Colombia y México, donde se habla de un futuro de paz tras años de violencia, ¿Qué podemos aprender de la experiencia de El Salvador, que hace 26 años empezó a transitar estos caminos?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En Colombia, donde 60 años de guerra cobraron la vida de 218 mil personas, nos enseñan que la firma de un acuerdo no lleva automáticamente a la paz, que la reconciliación y el perdón no pueden imponerse y que la labor de los medios no debe limitarse al registro de las atrocidades de la guerra sino que deben acompañar los años de posconflicto.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En México, después de una década de militarización de la seguridad pública, las cifras de víctimas asemejan a las de cualquier conflicto armado del continente. Aunque hablamos de construcción de paz, nos enfrentamos a la tarea de reconciliar a un sociedad que todavía vive en la violencia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"De El Salvador es fundamental entender los riesgos que conlleva institucionalizar el perdón sin un proceso de justicia para las víctimas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"***\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"En el próximo capítulo:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"TESTIMONIO DE GUATEMALA\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Hubo días de horror.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Llegamos a Guatemala para entender el proceso Creompaz, el caso más grande de desaparición forzada de América Latina.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"”Testigos de la Guerra, voces contra la impunidad” es un relato periodístico colaborativo entre Pie de Página de México y Radio Nacional de Colombia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Este trabajo fue realizado gracias a la iniciativa Adelante de la International Women´s Media Foundation.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Investigación y guión: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Producción de campo en El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete, Juan Carlos y Jonatan Funes\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Música original: Santiago Flores\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Edición sonora: José Luis Mantilla\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Web: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán\"}]}],\"data\":{\"quirksMode\":false}},\"frontmatter\":{\"date\":\"enero 29, 2019\",\"path\":\"/transcripcion-espanol/militares-al-banquillo.html\",\"category\":\"El Salvador\",\"title\":\"Militares al banquillo\",\"active\":true,\"streamaudio\":null,\"video\":{\"url\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\"},\"transcriptions\":null,\"gallery\":null}}},\"pathContext\":{\"prev\":{\"excerpt\":\"La batalla por la justicia en el caso de la masacre más grande de América Latina se lleva a cabo en un pequeño juzgado rural al norte de El Salvador, lejos del interés nacional. Mientras un coro de voces recrea los tres días de horror que se vivieron…\",\"html\":\"La batalla por la justicia en el caso de la masacre más grande de América Latina se lleva a cabo en un pequeño juzgado rural al norte de El Salvador, lejos del interés nacional. Mientras un coro de voces recrea los tres días de horror que se vivieron en diciembre de 1981, la defensa de los militares tilda el juicio de espectáculo y llama a las víctimas “fantasiosas”. ¿Cómo sana una sociedad que ha enfrentado el trauma de la guerra en un silencio forzado? “Con justicia”, responden las víctimas.
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT ABOUT THE PEACE ACCORD)
\\n[Institutional voice]: And on December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(ÁLVARO ARZÚ’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories of the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(COURTROOM’S AUDIO, SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA, EL SALVADOR)
\\n[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: Good morning. You may be seated. I hope you’ve had a nice journey.
\\n[Ximena Natera]: We are in a San Francisco Gotera’s courtroom located in the north of El Salvador, where a 66-year-old farmer gets ready to take the stand and begin his testimony. He sits among the public and looks nervous about the lawyers’ presence.
\\n[Lorena Vega]: The session has just started and the defense presents a petition that looks for the delay of the process. The judge denies it. 40 minutes later it’s the witness turn.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: I am going to ask Mr. Genaro Sánchez Díaz, if he is in this courtroom, to stand up.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro stands up, walks and sits in a chair next to the judge. The air conditioning is set in a freezing configuration and makes the courtroom contrast with the searingly hot street.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Witness Genaro Sánchez… Do you swear to tell nothing but the truth?
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro speaks quietly but answers affirmatively. He sits and officially starts his declaration.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Firstly, witness… Would you give us your names, your age, and occupation?
\\n[Ximena]: It is not the first time that Genaro appears before this court. When he was 49 years old during the heat of the Salvadoran Civil War on April 10th, 1991, the farmer denounced Atlacatl Battalion for the murder of one of his sons, his neighbors, and friends in the community of La Joya in what is known as El Mozote Massacre and nearby places.
\\nThat testimony was registered in a document that today, 26 years later, is read by the assistant judge.
\\n[Assistant judge]: On December 10th, 1981, the Salvadoran Army entered La Arada Vieja located to the south of Jocoatique at 1 pm and started shooting towards La Joya. The gunfire was made by unknown troops and not a single badge was seen. He said that at the same time he saw how the helicopters were landing.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro told on his first declaration that he survived because he fled with his wife and 5 of his children when he heard the gunfire. He came back to the zone one week later just to recognize his dead son’s body as he couldn’t escape.
\\n[Assistant judge]: 7 days later Sotero Guevara, Patricia Díaz and the declarant went to Sotero Guevara’s house and find it burned and the bodies of Petrona Chicas, Catalina Chicas, Justa Guevara, Jacinta Guevara, and the declarant’s 4-year-old son.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro was not the only survivor who went to court to denounce the massacre before the end of the civil war that left more than 75 thousand deaths in 12 years.
\\n16 survivors denounced the massacre between 1990 and 1991. The first one was Pedro Chicas. The stories were full of violent details like the murder of newborn babies. These details were branded as lies by the officials and were archived.
\\nThe file is dusted off in this hearing and Genaro listens to his voice in other testimony two decades later.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Now I want you to tell if that was the same declaration you gave in 1991.
\\n[Genaro Guevara]: Yes, it is.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro now has the chance to add details to his declaration and answer the questions of the judge, the prosecutor and defense’s lawyers. But… What happened to a court case that was doomed to the impunity that now is back in the tribunals?
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: Hi, Dorila lives here.
\\n[Ximena]: With Serafin guiding us through Morazán’s communities, we look for one of the houses that withstood the Military raid in 1981.
\\n[Ximena]: Is it in here?
\\n[Lorena]: We enter the house’s yard and there she is.
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: My name is María Dorila Márquez de Márquez.
\\n[Ximena]: María Dorila has a great memory and remembers every detail of the Military’s arrival to his hamlet. She tells that on the firsts days of December a rumor started and it said that the Military was going to fight the Guerrillas in the area. Rumors also suggested that the inhabitants should reunite on El Mozote’s plaza to be safe.
\\n[Dorila]: The Military told them that they should go to the plaza to be safe. The people from all those houses had left and we were left alone here in this house.
\\n[Ximena]: Dorila, his husband and his two sons, one of them a baby, decided not to go to the plaza. They stayed in their home, the very same house in which we are today until the soldiers started to look in the nearby houses.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband saw that they had burnt all those houses and asked me to go and see with him. We could see the house of my husband’s sister. There was one of his brothers that was with his pregnant lady and we saw when the soldiers arrived. We heard shooting. Later we saw a soldier running out of the house after a girl and boy crying. They went to the back of the house. We heard another shooting and after that, the girl’s crying no longer could be heard.
\\n**[Lorena]: **Moved by the fear, the family decides to take the risk and flee. They tried to walk to the community known as Los Toriles but they couldn’t go very far.
\\n[Dorila]: When we had already crossed all that plan, they made fire. It was the soldiers that were on the other hill where they were shooting the mortar and there I stood. I was with the baby and the other that walked beside me.
\\nMy husband was wearing a hat and raised his hand with the hat to show them we had no guns. I raised one hand too because with the other arm I was holding the baby
\\n[Ximena]: They hid in a cornfield, and through the whistling of bullets, decided to go back home.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were almost there my son told me: ”Ouch, mom, they hit me”. I told him that he probably stood over a spike and didn’t care much about it until we arrived here. There was a little bench where I sit and my son lied down on me. He raised his foot and I saw that it was true: they had shot my son.
\\n[Lorena]: With the wounded boy the only choice left for the family was to wait. They never understood why the soldiers didn’t break into their house.
\\n[Ximena]: They tried to flee for the second time the night of December 11th. They walked for hours but the full moon made the things difficult as it was hard for them to hide and this slowed them down.
\\n**[Lorena]: **It was almost dawn when they arrived at Los Toriles. There they saw how the last houses were falling.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband’s brother was murdered with all his family. There they killed all the people. We passed by and saw that the house was burning but as it was still dark, we didn’t saw them. It was a miracle that we didn’t step on them because after we passed, they left the bodies on one side of the road. There they murdered José, Marta, and the children.
\\n[Ximena]: She didn’t lose only her husband’s family. In El Mozote’s plaza where the soldiers previously had concentrated the people, Dorila’s parents, brothers, and sisters died. Almost a thousand of Salvadorans were murdered by State forces between December 10th and December 13th of 1981 in eight Morazán communities.
\\n[Lorena]: They came back to this house and El Mozote before January 16th, 1992, when the government and Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional’s guerrilla signed the Peace Accords in México.
\\n[Ximena]: In November of that year San Francisco Gotera’s Judge was moved by the victims and ordered the firsts exhumations. This as part of the investigation that wanted to determine if the Salvadoran Army had committed a massacre. To El Mozote arrived The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team where they found 147 children’s bones.
\\n[Dorila]: The DNA tests couldn’t be done to all the people that were exhumated, as there was not much of a help as it is today. They were just buried again in these mass graves. I don’t know where my father, my sister and my little brother ended.
\\n[Lorena]: The government, FMNL, and the Legislative Assembly approved the Amnesty Law four months later on March 20th, 1993 interrupting the investigation.
\\nThis Law put a stop to all the legal processes that were investigating the conflict crimes and ignored the Truth Commission’s report that pointed the Salvadoran Army as main responsible of the massacre. It was a hard hit to the victims
\\n[Ximena]: But the battle for justice didn’t stop there. Dorila and other survivors of the massacre created the El Mozote’s Human Rights Promoting Association. They’ve dedicated to collect testimonies of other inhabitants for years.
\\nWilfredo Medrano, one of the lawyers that leads the legal battle recognizes their efforts.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: It shows their persistence because the same people sometimes asked hopelessly what they could do. It was the people´s motivation that made us question ourselves what we were going to do with this archived case as the judges were not moving it.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The massacre’s process was frozen in October 2003 when Jorge Alberto Guzmán assumed his seat as San Francisco Gotera’s First Instance Judge. We met him at his office and asked him: How is it possible that the court case of the biggest massacre of Latin America is in his chamber and not in a tribunal in San Salvador?
\\n[Lorena]: Why El Mozote’s court case is held by you and not another judicial authority in the capital of the country?
\\n[Judge Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: The complaint was raised in 1990 in these judicial headquarters, that’s why this was the right tribunal and still it is now.
\\n[Ximena]: Judge Guzmán is a cautious man. He doesn’t give too many interviews and asks us not to take any pictures. He starts telling us that when he assumed as a judge, he was hamstrung by the Amnesty law.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: At that moment there were no accused individualized. The case judge issued the Nolle prosequi in a big manner so it could benefit anyone involved in the things that happened. From then on the process was completely paralyzed.
\\n[Lorena]: The investigation stopped so early that it wasn’t even determined if the victims had died in a massacre.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: It was needed more proofs to determine if there was a massacre on that place (..) Collecting evidence is not enough, you must prove that these people died from acts of violence and until that moment that was not the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The evidence that the judge didn’t consider was the 147 children’s dead bodies that were found by the Argentinian anthropologists.
\\nThe Mozote victims and the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association’s lawyers had been collecting proof of the massacre for years to raise it to international courts. It took them almost another decade to submit the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were going to the Court, they asked us 500 victims’ testimonies and 300 displaced persons’ testimonies. It was so hard because they didn’t want to talk and there are still people that don’t want to talk about because they are afraid. I just tell them that I am not afraid to be murdered because I am not telling lies.
\\n[Lorena]: 1070 cases were documented.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF HEARING IN THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AUDIO ARCHIVE)
\\n[WOMAN IN THE I/A COURT H.R.]: Ladies and gentlemen, the Court.
\\n[Lorena]: On April 23th 2012, 10 years after the Peace Accords, the Court sat in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The case was known as El Mozote and nearby places massacre vs El Salvador.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Please tell us your name.
\\n[Ximena]: Three women testified in the hearing. María Dorila Márquez was one of them. María Dorila is the El Mozote’s Human Rights Association current president and from Ecuador, she gave the world her testimony.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF THE HEARING IN THE I/A COURT H.R.)
\\n[Ovidio Mauricio González]: Has any person involved in the events been penalized?
\\n[Dorila]: From what I know they have not.
\\n[Ovidio]: How the lack of justice has affected you
\\n[Dorila]: It has harmed me a lot because in El Salvador the laws have not been complied with. We are not talking about animals, we are talking about people getting murdered. Children, elderly, pregnant women that were killed and this was never investigated. There was no justice and this has harmed me a lot.
\\n[Ximena]: According to Dorila, the Amnesty Law was the main reason behind the lack of justice.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Can you express how you feel to the fact that there is an Amnesty Law that protects the responsible of the events?
\\n[Dorila]: It hurts me a lot and that’s what I am asking for. I want that law to be repealed so the investigations can continue. I don’t hate the people that did it but they deserve to be penalized. If there was a death penalty in El Salvador, it wouldn’t be enough. But I wouldn’t ask for that, as only God can take away people’s lives as they did with my family.
\\n[Lorena]: Dorila’s testimony and the evidence that had been collected for 20 years by the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association and the survivors were enough for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In a landmark judgment, the Court sentenced the Salvadoran State for El Mozote massacre 6 months after the hearing.
\\n[Ximena]: It concluded that El Salvador violated the right to life and the right to personal integrity and that the victims’ right to justice had been denied.
\\nThe Court ordered to start a reparation process, to perform the exhumations needed and to identify and return the mortal remains to the families. Particularly demanded that the Amnesty Law stopped being a hamper to the investigations.
\\n[Lorena]: It took 4 years to the Salvadoran Justice to comply with the last part. Finally, the victims received the news they have been waiting for decades on July 13th, 2016.
\\n(NEWS ARCHIVE)
\\n[HOST]: The Salvadoran Supreme Court of Justice’s Constitutional room has declared unconstitutional the Amnesty Law of 1993, a year later after the Civil War ended, a law that consolidated peace.
\\n[Ximena]: It was a controversial decision. The government led back then by FMLN’s political party, said that this court ruling endangered the Peace Accords’ achievements and the opportunity to look for justice for the past crimes polarized the country.
\\n[Rosario Ríos]: If you search in here, there is nothing. There is little written record. There is just a little wall with names written on it but that’s it.
\\n[Ximena]: In San Salvador, we met Santiago Nogales, a playwright and his wife, actress Rosario Ríos. They’ve been exploring historic memory through art for years. With Moby Dick, their theater company, they had staged unexplored topics for the country like torture or the 8 thousand people that were victims of forced disappearance in the armed conflict.
\\n(Fragment of the theater play: ”Yo quiero la muerte en gracia, yo quiero un sepulcro, una fosa, una lápida aunque sea”.)
\\n[Rosario]: There are many.
\\n[Santiago Nogales]: There’s an absolute-oblivion.
\\n[Rosario]: That they have no idea you are saying? Please… They’ve been killing each other and they were your grandpas… your parents.
\\n[Santiago]: You’ve said it well. The best thing that can happen to a rotting wound is to stab it and take out all the crap so it can heal cleanly.
\\n[Ximena]: But healing is so difficult for a country that has lived its traumas in silence. The Salvadoran State faded victims into oblivion as a requirement for peace. The parents silenced their wounds and the sons ignore the horrors. The only thing that seems to bound these generations is an impunity covenant: An armed conflict in the past and the gangs’ violence in the present.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law’s end opened a space of hope. On September 30th, 2016 San Francisco Gotera’s Judge, Jorge Alberto Guzmán, reopened El Mozote’s court case.
\\nThe first step was to identify those allegedly responsible for the Tierra Arrasada Military raid.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: There were 32 accused but 13 had already passed away. So there are 18 persons subject to this court proceeding.
\\n[Ximena]: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, Atlacatl Battalion commander, was the man responsible for the massacre according to many people.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: There are lots of witnesses and survivors that saw him giving instructions and ordering how to torture the farmers to get information.
\\n[Lorena]: Monterrosa was never penalized for his crimes and was murdered in a guerrilla attack in the heat of the armed conflict in 1984.
\\nHe was considered a national hero and even some memorials were raised to remember his heroism at the end of the Civil war.
\\nIn his name, 18 former Military members were called by Judge Guzmán. The highest ranked is General José Guillermo García, minister of defense between 1979 and 1981.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Most of them are high ranked Military members. There are generals, lieutenants and a captain. All of them are between 60 and 80 years old but they are in perfect physical condition to be processed. They should not be exempt from their criminal responsibility as they had big power as high ranked Military members.
\\n[Ximena]: Six months after the court case was opened, the former Military members appeared before the Tribunal. It was on March 29, 2017, and it is now stuck on Dorila Márquez’s memory as the day the Military members mocked of them again.
\\n[Dorila]: When the Judge’s secretary was reading all the charges against them, they were giggling and making jokes among them. They looked at us and started talking privately. They were not paying attention to all the charges against them. Why the victims have to suffer the revictimization?
\\n[Lorena]: That day the victims were hoping to see the Military members handcuffed and in their way to jail after all they were accused of 9 crimes: murderer, aggravated rape, aggravated deprivation of liberty, theft, aggravated damages, assault, acts of terrorism and propositive acts of terrorism.
\\nBut the judge didn’t consider necessary to incarcerate them.
\\n[Judge Sánchez]: There’s still necessary to settle bigger participation of them. Because the only proof that we have right now is that they were leading the Military back then but that’s not evidence of them being on the places where the events happened.
\\n(SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA’S COURTROOM AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Military members’ disdain for the victims is so big that they have only shown once. The accused are not in the courtroom where Genaro Sánchez tells how he lived the massacre. The defense’s lawyers try to find contradictions on his words during his interrogation.
\\n[Defense’s lawyer]: I asked with all due respect to the witness if he saw at that moment guerrilla members in the area.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro says that he didn’t. But with this query, the defense is trying to question the alleged closeness between guerrillas and the victims.
\\n[Defense´s lawyer]: He said that he heard Radio Venceremos and he also said in his testimony that he was mobile so I ask him if he saw the people that were with Radio Venceremos.
\\n[Ximena]: The alleged closeness between the witnesses and the guerrillas is a theory that Lisandro Quintanilla, an accused’s lawyer, tries to use to discredit the massacre.
\\n[Lisandro Quintanilla]: Which is the evidence that tells us that these people were not guerrillas or that they were not assisting guerrillas? I don’t know (if there were children) but if there were… Who proves us that those children lived there? We’ve got the National Statistic Division’s population census. And we are going to use all of that. They are talking about thousands of deaths and that’s a lie. The population of those hamlets barely reached a hundred people.
\\n[Ximena]: The witnesses have started to contradict themselves according to Quintanilla.
\\n[Lorena]: How can they determine if a testimony has contradictions if they are not even listening to the people that after all these years have the chance to appear in court?
\\n[Quintanilla]: Why should I go? What questions should I ask a lady that is narrating a gory story in which 50 persons were murdered? I am going to ask her: Did you saw Walter Salazar shoot? What is she going to tell me? These are sterile activities.
\\n[Lorena]: During a year and a half of hearings, the defense’s strategy has not changed: They imply that the dead people were subversive guerrillas and that the mass graves, where the victims were found, were guerrilla’s cemeteries. But maintaining this argument convincing has been a hard task. Testimonies and forensic evidence contradict it.
\\nOn August 16th three experts from the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team came to San Francisco Gotera to testify. They were the ones that did the firsts exhumations back in 1992.
\\n[Lorena]: Anthropologists Mercedes Doretti, Patricia Bernardi and Silvana Turner took down the defense’s hypothesis. The evidence indicates that the mass graves were no clandestine cemeteries and they affirm that the victims didn’t die in an armed confrontation.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: We still have hope that there is justice but there is a lot of corruption…
\\n[Lorena]: It will be a year since Dorila Márquez testified in the courtroom on October 13th
\\n[Dorila]: I’ve been willing to give my testimony. I tell them that everything happened and it’s a reality and it deserves that we keep sharing it with the world. I don’t want that anything like this to be repeated. It is dreadful that the Salvadoran Army, the entity that should protect us, had done something like this… killing innocent people, children, elderly and pregnant women. What they’d done was an injustice.
\\n[Ximena]: 46 witnesses have testified and there are still 12 unregistered survivors summoned by the prosecutors that have not been listened yet. This rural courtroom is little and is far away from the country’s capital and the national interests. With the exception of El Faro and Factum magazine that have been following closely the trial, there is little interest by the media.
\\nA big contrast with the thousands of foreign reporters that at some point covered the conflict as one of the last shows of the Cold War
\\n[Lorena]: El Mozote massacre is the first and only conflict trial. But the court case seems doomed to last for years. In early September a judge from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the court that condemned the State for the crime, visited the Morazán hamlets and demanded to the Salvadoran State more resources to the prosecutors and the court that reopened the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The magnitude of this task is especially daunting as the file has more than 19 thousand pages and just 8 persons reviewing them.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The people are conscious of what is going on. They are happy to see for the first time the accused sitting in a court. They thought that it would be only a dream to see the people that murdered their loved ones in a Tribunal. The other dream is that this continues and a penalizing sentence comes because this is proved… there is criminal participation.
\\n[Lorena]: The survivors in El Salvador have waited for 36 years to tell the harm they lived, the infinite losses and the pain they have been experienced from that moment. However, their stories are also an example of resistance and organization as the fight to preserve the past is necessary to build real peace in the future.
\\n[Ximena]: In our countries stories like the ones from Amadeo, Serafín, Dorila y Genaro could be a reflection of the wounds that our conflicts have caused. We believe that these stories are important for Mexico and Colombia where after years of violence a future of peace is considered. What can we learn from El Salvador’s experience that started to travel these roads 26 years ago?
\\n[Lorena]: In Colombia where 60 years of war left 218 thousand deaths teaches us that:
\\nThe signature of a peace agreement doesn’t automatically lead to peace.
\\nReconciliation and forgiveness cannot be imposed.
\\nAnd the media cannot be limited to register the war atrocities, instead, they should support the post-conflict years.
\\n[Ximena]: In Mexico, after a decade of the public security’s militarization, the amount of victims is similar to any armed conflict in the continent.
\\nEven though we are talking about the peace-building process, we are facing the task of reconciling a society that still lives in the violence.
\\nIt is key to understand from El Salvador the risks that bring institutionalizing forgiveness without a justice process for the victims.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n***
\\nOn the next episode:
\\nTHE TESTIMONY OF GUATEMALA
\\nInstititutional voice: There were horror days. We come to Guatemala to understand Creompaz process, the biggest case of forced disappearance of Latin America.
\\nInstititutional voice:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to the International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete and Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT ABOUT THE PEACE ACCORD)
\\n[Institutional voice]: And on December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(ÁLVARO ARZÚ’S DISCOURSE AUDIO ARCHIVE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories of the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(COURTROOM’S AUDIO, SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA, EL SALVADOR)
\\n[Juez Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: Good morning. You may be seated. I hope you’ve had a nice journey.
\\n[Ximena Natera]: We are in a San Francisco Gotera’s courtroom located in the north of El Salvador, where a 66-year-old farmer gets ready to take the stand and begin his testimony. He sits among the public and looks nervous about the lawyers’ presence.
\\n[Lorena Vega]: The session has just started and the defense presents a petition that looks for the delay of the process. The judge denies it. 40 minutes later it’s the witness turn.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: I am going to ask Mr. Genaro Sánchez Díaz, if he is in this courtroom, to stand up.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro stands up, walks and sits in a chair next to the judge. The air conditioning is set in a freezing configuration and makes the courtroom contrast with the searingly hot street.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Witness Genaro Sánchez… Do you swear to tell nothing but the truth?
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro speaks quietly but answers affirmatively. He sits and officially starts his declaration.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Firstly, witness… Would you give us your names, your age, and occupation?
\\n[Ximena]: It is not the first time that Genaro appears before this court. When he was 49 years old during the heat of the Salvadoran Civil War on April 10th, 1991, the farmer denounced Atlacatl Battalion for the murder of one of his sons, his neighbors, and friends in the community of La Joya in what is known as El Mozote Massacre and nearby places.
\\nThat testimony was registered in a document that today, 26 years later, is read by the assistant judge.
\\n[Assistant judge]: On December 10th, 1981, the Salvadoran Army entered La Arada Vieja located to the south of Jocoatique at 1 pm and started shooting towards La Joya. The gunfire was made by unknown troops and not a single badge was seen. He said that at the same time he saw how the helicopters were landing.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro told on his first declaration that he survived because he fled with his wife and 5 of his children when he heard the gunfire. He came back to the zone one week later just to recognize his dead son’s body as he couldn’t escape.
\\n[Assistant judge]: 7 days later Sotero Guevara, Patricia Díaz and the declarant went to Sotero Guevara’s house and find it burned and the bodies of Petrona Chicas, Catalina Chicas, Justa Guevara, Jacinta Guevara, and the declarant’s 4-year-old son.
\\n[Ximena]: Genaro was not the only survivor who went to court to denounce the massacre before the end of the civil war that left more than 75 thousand deaths in 12 years.
\\n16 survivors denounced the massacre between 1990 and 1991. The first one was Pedro Chicas. The stories were full of violent details like the murder of newborn babies. These details were branded as lies by the officials and were archived.
\\nThe file is dusted off in this hearing and Genaro listens to his voice in other testimony two decades later.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: Now I want you to tell if that was the same declaration you gave in 1991.
\\n[Genaro Guevara]: Yes, it is.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro now has the chance to add details to his declaration and answer the questions of the judge, the prosecutor and defense’s lawyers. But… What happened to a court case that was doomed to the impunity that now is back in the tribunals?
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: Hi, Dorila lives here.
\\n[Ximena]: With Serafin guiding us through Morazán’s communities, we look for one of the houses that withstood the Military raid in 1981.
\\n[Ximena]: Is it in here?
\\n[Lorena]: We enter the house’s yard and there she is.
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: My name is María Dorila Márquez de Márquez.
\\n[Ximena]: María Dorila has a great memory and remembers every detail of the Military’s arrival to his hamlet. She tells that on the firsts days of December a rumor started and it said that the Military was going to fight the Guerrillas in the area. Rumors also suggested that the inhabitants should reunite on El Mozote’s plaza to be safe.
\\n[Dorila]: The Military told them that they should go to the plaza to be safe. The people from all those houses had left and we were left alone here in this house.
\\n[Ximena]: Dorila, his husband and his two sons, one of them a baby, decided not to go to the plaza. They stayed in their home, the very same house in which we are today until the soldiers started to look in the nearby houses.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband saw that they had burnt all those houses and asked me to go and see with him. We could see the house of my husband’s sister. There was one of his brothers that was with his pregnant lady and we saw when the soldiers arrived. We heard shooting. Later we saw a soldier running out of the house after a girl and boy crying. They went to the back of the house. We heard another shooting and after that, the girl’s crying no longer could be heard.
\\n**[Lorena]: **Moved by the fear, the family decides to take the risk and flee. They tried to walk to the community known as Los Toriles but they couldn’t go very far.
\\n[Dorila]: When we had already crossed all that plan, they made fire. It was the soldiers that were on the other hill where they were shooting the mortar and there I stood. I was with the baby and the other that walked beside me.
\\nMy husband was wearing a hat and raised his hand with the hat to show them we had no guns. I raised one hand too because with the other arm I was holding the baby
\\n[Ximena]: They hid in a cornfield, and through the whistling of bullets, decided to go back home.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were almost there my son told me: ”Ouch, mom, they hit me”. I told him that he probably stood over a spike and didn’t care much about it until we arrived here. There was a little bench where I sit and my son lied down on me. He raised his foot and I saw that it was true: they had shot my son.
\\n[Lorena]: With the wounded boy the only choice left for the family was to wait. They never understood why the soldiers didn’t break into their house.
\\n[Ximena]: They tried to flee for the second time the night of December 11th. They walked for hours but the full moon made the things difficult as it was hard for them to hide and this slowed them down.
\\n**[Lorena]: **It was almost dawn when they arrived at Los Toriles. There they saw how the last houses were falling.
\\n[Dorila]: My husband’s brother was murdered with all his family. There they killed all the people. We passed by and saw that the house was burning but as it was still dark, we didn’t saw them. It was a miracle that we didn’t step on them because after we passed, they left the bodies on one side of the road. There they murdered José, Marta, and the children.
\\n[Ximena]: She didn’t lose only her husband’s family. In El Mozote’s plaza where the soldiers previously had concentrated the people, Dorila’s parents, brothers, and sisters died. Almost a thousand of Salvadorans were murdered by State forces between December 10th and December 13th of 1981 in eight Morazán communities.
\\n[Lorena]: They came back to this house and El Mozote before January 16th, 1992, when the government and Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional’s guerrilla signed the Peace Accords in México.
\\n[Ximena]: In November of that year San Francisco Gotera’s Judge was moved by the victims and ordered the firsts exhumations. This as part of the investigation that wanted to determine if the Salvadoran Army had committed a massacre. To El Mozote arrived The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team where they found 147 children’s bones.
\\n[Dorila]: The DNA tests couldn’t be done to all the people that were exhumated, as there was not much of a help as it is today. They were just buried again in these mass graves. I don’t know where my father, my sister and my little brother ended.
\\n[Lorena]: The government, FMNL, and the Legislative Assembly approved the Amnesty Law four months later on March 20th, 1993 interrupting the investigation.
\\nThis Law put a stop to all the legal processes that were investigating the conflict crimes and ignored the Truth Commission’s report that pointed the Salvadoran Army as main responsible of the massacre. It was a hard hit to the victims
\\n[Ximena]: But the battle for justice didn’t stop there. Dorila and other survivors of the massacre created the El Mozote’s Human Rights Promoting Association. They’ve dedicated to collect testimonies of other inhabitants for years.
\\nWilfredo Medrano, one of the lawyers that leads the legal battle recognizes their efforts.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: It shows their persistence because the same people sometimes asked hopelessly what they could do. It was the people´s motivation that made us question ourselves what we were going to do with this archived case as the judges were not moving it.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The massacre’s process was frozen in October 2003 when Jorge Alberto Guzmán assumed his seat as San Francisco Gotera’s First Instance Judge. We met him at his office and asked him: How is it possible that the court case of the biggest massacre of Latin America is in his chamber and not in a tribunal in San Salvador?
\\n[Lorena]: Why El Mozote’s court case is held by you and not another judicial authority in the capital of the country?
\\n[Judge Jorge Alberto Guzmán]: The complaint was raised in 1990 in these judicial headquarters, that’s why this was the right tribunal and still it is now.
\\n[Ximena]: Judge Guzmán is a cautious man. He doesn’t give too many interviews and asks us not to take any pictures. He starts telling us that when he assumed as a judge, he was hamstrung by the Amnesty law.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: At that moment there were no accused individualized. The case judge issued the Nolle prosequi in a big manner so it could benefit anyone involved in the things that happened. From then on the process was completely paralyzed.
\\n[Lorena]: The investigation stopped so early that it wasn’t even determined if the victims had died in a massacre.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: It was needed more proofs to determine if there was a massacre on that place (..) Collecting evidence is not enough, you must prove that these people died from acts of violence and until that moment that was not the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The evidence that the judge didn’t consider was the 147 children’s dead bodies that were found by the Argentinian anthropologists.
\\nThe Mozote victims and the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association’s lawyers had been collecting proof of the massacre for years to raise it to international courts. It took them almost another decade to submit the case to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.
\\n[Dorila]: When we were going to the Court, they asked us 500 victims’ testimonies and 300 displaced persons’ testimonies. It was so hard because they didn’t want to talk and there are still people that don’t want to talk about because they are afraid. I just tell them that I am not afraid to be murdered because I am not telling lies.
\\n[Lorena]: 1070 cases were documented.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF HEARING IN THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AUDIO ARCHIVE)
\\n[WOMAN IN THE I/A COURT H.R.]: Ladies and gentlemen, the Court.
\\n[Lorena]: On April 23th 2012, 10 years after the Peace Accords, the Court sat in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The case was known as El Mozote and nearby places massacre vs El Salvador.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Please tell us your name.
\\n[Ximena]: Three women testified in the hearing. María Dorila Márquez was one of them. María Dorila is the El Mozote’s Human Rights Association current president and from Ecuador, she gave the world her testimony.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE OF THE HEARING IN THE I/A COURT H.R.)
\\n[Ovidio Mauricio González]: Has any person involved in the events been penalized?
\\n[Dorila]: From what I know they have not.
\\n[Ovidio]: How the lack of justice has affected you
\\n[Dorila]: It has harmed me a lot because in El Salvador the laws have not been complied with. We are not talking about animals, we are talking about people getting murdered. Children, elderly, pregnant women that were killed and this was never investigated. There was no justice and this has harmed me a lot.
\\n[Ximena]: According to Dorila, the Amnesty Law was the main reason behind the lack of justice.
\\n[I/A COURT H.R. JUDGE]: Can you express how you feel to the fact that there is an Amnesty Law that protects the responsible of the events?
\\n[Dorila]: It hurts me a lot and that’s what I am asking for. I want that law to be repealed so the investigations can continue. I don’t hate the people that did it but they deserve to be penalized. If there was a death penalty in El Salvador, it wouldn’t be enough. But I wouldn’t ask for that, as only God can take away people’s lives as they did with my family.
\\n[Lorena]: Dorila’s testimony and the evidence that had been collected for 20 years by the Dra. María Julia Hernandez Human Rights Association and the survivors were enough for the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In a landmark judgment, the Court sentenced the Salvadoran State for El Mozote massacre 6 months after the hearing.
\\n[Ximena]: It concluded that El Salvador violated the right to life and the right to personal integrity and that the victims’ right to justice had been denied.
\\nThe Court ordered to start a reparation process, to perform the exhumations needed and to identify and return the mortal remains to the families. Particularly demanded that the Amnesty Law stopped being a hamper to the investigations.
\\n[Lorena]: It took 4 years to the Salvadoran Justice to comply with the last part. Finally, the victims received the news they have been waiting for decades on July 13th, 2016.
\\n(NEWS ARCHIVE)
\\n[HOST]: The Salvadoran Supreme Court of Justice’s Constitutional room has declared unconstitutional the Amnesty Law of 1993, a year later after the Civil War ended, a law that consolidated peace.
\\n[Ximena]: It was a controversial decision. The government led back then by FMLN’s political party, said that this court ruling endangered the Peace Accords’ achievements and the opportunity to look for justice for the past crimes polarized the country.
\\n[Rosario Ríos]: If you search in here, there is nothing. There is little written record. There is just a little wall with names written on it but that’s it.
\\n[Ximena]: In San Salvador, we met Santiago Nogales, a playwright and his wife, actress Rosario Ríos. They’ve been exploring historic memory through art for years. With Moby Dick, their theater company, they had staged unexplored topics for the country like torture or the 8 thousand people that were victims of forced disappearance in the armed conflict.
\\n(Fragment of the theater play: ”Yo quiero la muerte en gracia, yo quiero un sepulcro, una fosa, una lápida aunque sea”.)
\\n[Rosario]: There are many.
\\n[Santiago Nogales]: There’s an absolute-oblivion.
\\n[Rosario]: That they have no idea you are saying? Please… They’ve been killing each other and they were your grandpas… your parents.
\\n[Santiago]: You’ve said it well. The best thing that can happen to a rotting wound is to stab it and take out all the crap so it can heal cleanly.
\\n[Ximena]: But healing is so difficult for a country that has lived its traumas in silence. The Salvadoran State faded victims into oblivion as a requirement for peace. The parents silenced their wounds and the sons ignore the horrors. The only thing that seems to bound these generations is an impunity covenant: An armed conflict in the past and the gangs’ violence in the present.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law’s end opened a space of hope. On September 30th, 2016 San Francisco Gotera’s Judge, Jorge Alberto Guzmán, reopened El Mozote’s court case.
\\nThe first step was to identify those allegedly responsible for the Tierra Arrasada Military raid.
\\n[Judge Guzmán]: There were 32 accused but 13 had already passed away. So there are 18 persons subject to this court proceeding.
\\n[Ximena]: Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Monterrosa, Atlacatl Battalion commander, was the man responsible for the massacre according to many people.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: There are lots of witnesses and survivors that saw him giving instructions and ordering how to torture the farmers to get information.
\\n[Lorena]: Monterrosa was never penalized for his crimes and was murdered in a guerrilla attack in the heat of the armed conflict in 1984.
\\nHe was considered a national hero and even some memorials were raised to remember his heroism at the end of the Civil war.
\\nIn his name, 18 former Military members were called by Judge Guzmán. The highest ranked is General José Guillermo García, minister of defense between 1979 and 1981.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Most of them are high ranked Military members. There are generals, lieutenants and a captain. All of them are between 60 and 80 years old but they are in perfect physical condition to be processed. They should not be exempt from their criminal responsibility as they had big power as high ranked Military members.
\\n[Ximena]: Six months after the court case was opened, the former Military members appeared before the Tribunal. It was on March 29, 2017, and it is now stuck on Dorila Márquez’s memory as the day the Military members mocked of them again.
\\n[Dorila]: When the Judge’s secretary was reading all the charges against them, they were giggling and making jokes among them. They looked at us and started talking privately. They were not paying attention to all the charges against them. Why the victims have to suffer the revictimization?
\\n[Lorena]: That day the victims were hoping to see the Military members handcuffed and in their way to jail after all they were accused of 9 crimes: murderer, aggravated rape, aggravated deprivation of liberty, theft, aggravated damages, assault, acts of terrorism and propositive acts of terrorism.
\\nBut the judge didn’t consider necessary to incarcerate them.
\\n[Judge Sánchez]: There’s still necessary to settle bigger participation of them. Because the only proof that we have right now is that they were leading the Military back then but that’s not evidence of them being on the places where the events happened.
\\n(SAN FRANCISCO GOTERA’S COURTROOM AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Military members’ disdain for the victims is so big that they have only shown once. The accused are not in the courtroom where Genaro Sánchez tells how he lived the massacre. The defense’s lawyers try to find contradictions on his words during his interrogation.
\\n[Defense’s lawyer]: I asked with all due respect to the witness if he saw at that moment guerrilla members in the area.
\\n[Lorena]: Genaro says that he didn’t. But with this query, the defense is trying to question the alleged closeness between guerrillas and the victims.
\\n[Defense´s lawyer]: He said that he heard Radio Venceremos and he also said in his testimony that he was mobile so I ask him if he saw the people that were with Radio Venceremos.
\\n[Ximena]: The alleged closeness between the witnesses and the guerrillas is a theory that Lisandro Quintanilla, an accused’s lawyer, tries to use to discredit the massacre.
\\n[Lisandro Quintanilla]: Which is the evidence that tells us that these people were not guerrillas or that they were not assisting guerrillas? I don’t know (if there were children) but if there were… Who proves us that those children lived there? We’ve got the National Statistic Division’s population census. And we are going to use all of that. They are talking about thousands of deaths and that’s a lie. The population of those hamlets barely reached a hundred people.
\\n[Ximena]: The witnesses have started to contradict themselves according to Quintanilla.
\\n[Lorena]: How can they determine if a testimony has contradictions if they are not even listening to the people that after all these years have the chance to appear in court?
\\n[Quintanilla]: Why should I go? What questions should I ask a lady that is narrating a gory story in which 50 persons were murdered? I am going to ask her: Did you saw Walter Salazar shoot? What is she going to tell me? These are sterile activities.
\\n[Lorena]: During a year and a half of hearings, the defense’s strategy has not changed: They imply that the dead people were subversive guerrillas and that the mass graves, where the victims were found, were guerrilla’s cemeteries. But maintaining this argument convincing has been a hard task. Testimonies and forensic evidence contradict it.
\\nOn August 16th three experts from the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team came to San Francisco Gotera to testify. They were the ones that did the firsts exhumations back in 1992.
\\n[Lorena]: Anthropologists Mercedes Doretti, Patricia Bernardi and Silvana Turner took down the defense’s hypothesis. The evidence indicates that the mass graves were no clandestine cemeteries and they affirm that the victims didn’t die in an armed confrontation.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Dorila Márquez]: We still have hope that there is justice but there is a lot of corruption…
\\n[Lorena]: It will be a year since Dorila Márquez testified in the courtroom on October 13th
\\n[Dorila]: I’ve been willing to give my testimony. I tell them that everything happened and it’s a reality and it deserves that we keep sharing it with the world. I don’t want that anything like this to be repeated. It is dreadful that the Salvadoran Army, the entity that should protect us, had done something like this… killing innocent people, children, elderly and pregnant women. What they’d done was an injustice.
\\n[Ximena]: 46 witnesses have testified and there are still 12 unregistered survivors summoned by the prosecutors that have not been listened yet. This rural courtroom is little and is far away from the country’s capital and the national interests. With the exception of El Faro and Factum magazine that have been following closely the trial, there is little interest by the media.
\\nA big contrast with the thousands of foreign reporters that at some point covered the conflict as one of the last shows of the Cold War
\\n[Lorena]: El Mozote massacre is the first and only conflict trial. But the court case seems doomed to last for years. In early September a judge from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the court that condemned the State for the crime, visited the Morazán hamlets and demanded to the Salvadoran State more resources to the prosecutors and the court that reopened the case.
\\n[Ximena]: The magnitude of this task is especially daunting as the file has more than 19 thousand pages and just 8 persons reviewing them.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The people are conscious of what is going on. They are happy to see for the first time the accused sitting in a court. They thought that it would be only a dream to see the people that murdered their loved ones in a Tribunal. The other dream is that this continues and a penalizing sentence comes because this is proved… there is criminal participation.
\\n[Lorena]: The survivors in El Salvador have waited for 36 years to tell the harm they lived, the infinite losses and the pain they have been experienced from that moment. However, their stories are also an example of resistance and organization as the fight to preserve the past is necessary to build real peace in the future.
\\n[Ximena]: In our countries stories like the ones from Amadeo, Serafín, Dorila y Genaro could be a reflection of the wounds that our conflicts have caused. We believe that these stories are important for Mexico and Colombia where after years of violence a future of peace is considered. What can we learn from El Salvador’s experience that started to travel these roads 26 years ago?
\\n[Lorena]: In Colombia where 60 years of war left 218 thousand deaths teaches us that:
\\nThe signature of a peace agreement doesn’t automatically lead to peace.
\\nReconciliation and forgiveness cannot be imposed.
\\nAnd the media cannot be limited to register the war atrocities, instead, they should support the post-conflict years.
\\n[Ximena]: In Mexico, after a decade of the public security’s militarization, the amount of victims is similar to any armed conflict in the continent.
\\nEven though we are talking about the peace-building process, we are facing the task of reconciling a society that still lives in the violence.
\\nIt is key to understand from El Salvador the risks that bring institutionalizing forgiveness without a justice process for the victims.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n***
\\nOn the next episode:
\\n(THE TESTIMONY OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Instititutional voice]: There were horror days. We come to Guatemala to understand Creompaz process, the biggest case of forced disappearance of Latin America.
\\n[Instititutional voice]:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to the International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete and Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
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