En diciembre de 1981, el ejército salvadoreño asesinó a más de mil personas en el caserío El Mozote y comunidades aledañas, al norte del país. Eran los primeros años de la guerra y las atrocidades de la masacre pautaron la crueldad para el resto del conflicto. En este capítulo Serafín Gómez, un guía turístico poco común nos conduce por los territorios que presenciaron la masacre más grande de América Latina y sus testigos, que a 25 años de la firma de la paz, libran una batalla monumental por mantener viva la memoria de los seres queridos que perdieron.
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE: ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S SPEECH ON THE PEACE TREATY, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT)
\\n[Institutional voice]: On December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE: ÁLVARO ARZU’S DISCOURSE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de Página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories about the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(AUDIO, XIMENA NATERA, LORENA VEGA, AND SERAFÍN GOMEZ INTRODUCE THEMSELVES)
\\n[Lorena Vega]: He is Serafín Gómez Luna and is a joyful man. He is a little bit over 40 years old, has dark skin and has indigenous traits. He has been a tour guide for a decade and as we travel through the roads of the Morazán department located in the North of El Salvador, Serafín tells us the story of the place.
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: This is Arambala. Here the church was destroyed, they threw five bombs of 500 pounds. It was rebuilt and now has a new design. After 1982 the people left the town and only went back in 1993 after the peace accords were signed…
\\n[Ximena Natera]: This was one of the most struck regions by the civil war that destroyed the country during the ’80s. 37 years ago, these roads witnessed the biggest massacre of Latin America’s modern history: El Mozote.
\\n(NORTEÑO MUSIC PLAYS AND ROAD NOISES)
\\n[Lorena]: To arrive in El Mozote from San Salvador, El Salvador’s capital city, we cross the country from the west near the Pacific coast to the border zone with Honduras in a journey that lasts just 4 hours.
\\n[Ximena]: It is a tiny country with a population of just 7 million people. However, it is in a constant spotlight for the brutal violence of its’s gangs or for its’s citizens emigration to the United States—a matter that bounds it permanently to Mexico.
\\n[Lorena]: We have a small amount of news from El Salvador back in Colombia. We know that here took place a Peace process in the ’90s and for that reason, there were people showing it as guide route in the negotiation process that in 2016 led to the end of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—the oldest guerrilla in the continent. 26 years have passed since the Peace Accords that ended up the Salvadoran civil war. In 12 years this conflict left 75 thousand deaths, hundreds of massacres, more than 8 thousand disappearances and a million of internally displaced persons. The rifles were silenced but this didn’t mean ease to the victims. If it had been the case, we wouldn’t be here today.
\\n[Ximena]: Serafín guides us to La Joya community on the high lands of Morazán. To get there we went through dirt roads and crossed a river without a bridge. Half an hour later, the first houses start to appear. On the outside of one of these houses, Amadeo Martínez waits for us. He is working in the garden.
\\n(SMALL TALK WITH AMADEO MARTINEZ)
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo welcomes us in the entry of the house then offers us some coffee. He talks to us as for as if we were good friends. When we finish our coffee, he takes us to a small yard fenced with a mesh next to his house. In the center, there is a stone wall surrounded by plastic flowers. It has 23 memorial tablets, each one has the name of a relative. They all died the same day.
\\n[Amadeo Martínez]: Here lie the remains of my family, we have this small monument with the bones they found…They are buried there.
\\n(ORIGINAL MUSIC)
\\n[Ximena]: Today Amadeo has 45 years old, in December 1981, he was 9.
\\n[Amadeo]: In that time still existed the Guardia Nacional. They were always patrolling the hamlets and searching for the older people: the parents. Already chasing them. Why? Who knows
\\n[Lorena]: This zone was one of the bastions of the subversive groups and for that reason, La Guardia looked for guerrilla members in the hamlets in that way they could also intimidate the young men.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the early afternoon of the 10th, we started listening shots by the Torola river.
\\n[Lorena]: When the military was close, the men hide in the mountains for a few days as the women and the children stayed in the hamlets. But this time Amadeo’s father fears the worst.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the afternoon my dad says ”maybe it’s going to get ugly” because the other people were already leaving to sleep in other houses.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo’s father wants to take the whole family out of La Joya, but as it is too late, he only manages to leave with his two older sons to a neighbor’s house. He comes back hours later willing to bring with him the whole family.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the early morning my brother, my dad and I tried to take my mom out of there but she didn’t want to leave.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo’s mother thinks it’s not necessary to run away and prefers to stay in the house with the younger sons: a 7-year-old girl, a 6-year-old boy, and a 1-year-old baby.
\\nIt’s the same in the other houses. The men leave with their older sons and the women stay with the younger ones.
\\n(MUSIC AND SOUND RECONSTRUCTION)
\\n[Amadeo]: When it all started: the bombing, the shooting, helicopters everywhere. We started to realize that this was no good.
\\n[Lorena]: On the morning of December 11th, the Salvadoran Airforce’s planes drop bombs to everything that moved and the soldiers enter the houses yelling, insulting and pointing their rifles to adults and children as well. Amadeo runs away to the bushes. His father manages to somehow hide them behind some agaves’ fleshy leaves where they barely fit.
\\n[Amadeo]: In that time the people worked a lot the henequén. It is one of the plants that I have seeded in front of the house. They have spikes and we called them ’mezcalares’. We managed to get in there and we didn’t come out.
\\n[Lorena]: They can’t move or make a sound.
\\n[Amadeo]: My dad, my brother and other men that lived in the quebranchos were there quietly and we didn’t realize that they were close. It was so silent and the planes were flying low and we were just covered by some bushes.
\\n[Lorena]: In their hiding place, the group listens to the screams and sees the soldiers murder their neighbors.
\\n[Amadeo]: They arrived at that house at 2 in the afternoon to kill all the people from that little house (…) when it started they pulled out the children and took them to the river bank. They raped some girls. They were like 15 or 16 years old. We witnessed all that.
\\n[Lorena]: There in the bushes with spikes, Amadeo spends 8 days paralyzed.
\\n[Amadeo]: The only thing we could chew to keep the mouth wet were these guayabo’s sticks, leaves and peels so we could survive.
\\n[Lorena]: A tremendous hunger and the bad smell coming from the house make them leave their hiding place. The military is gone and they start the search of their loved ones with the hope of finding them hidden in the nearby caves. Amadeo’s father looks for his wife, while the two children walk through the rubble of La Joya for two hours. Haltingly, Amadeo tells what he saw in a house.
\\n[Amadeo]: It was written on the wall: ”A dead child is a future guerrilla member dead”. Illogical sentences as we didn’t know what a guerrilla was at that time. The purpose was to kill everybody as we were supposedly guerrilla but we were just… we are just farmers. We’ve been working all our lives. It’s dreadful.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo sees again his father and that’s the last memory he keeps from those days.
\\n[Amadeo]: I remember that my father hugged us and told us: we are the only ones left, they killed all your family. From that point, I can’t remember… Just imagine you have not eaten well in days and someone gives you this news… it could kill you the shock.
\\n[Lorena]: How many of your family members did they kill?
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: If you count cousins, grandpas, aunts because most of them were children and women, they are probably 25. Almost no men or adults were killed. My mom and my three brothers were the closest ones. The others were cousins, brothers, uncles, aunts, grandpas, and grandmas.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Ximena]: What has come to be known as the massacre of El Mozote was really a slaughter in El Mozote village and seven other Morazán’s communities: Ranchería, Los Toriles, Arambala, Jocote Amarillo, Pinalito y Cerro Ortiz, and La Joya: Amadeo’s home. It was the beginning of the ”Operación Rescate”, rescue operation or ”Yunque y Martillo” executed by the Atlacatl Battalion and other military units from the zone between December 10th and December 13th, 1981. This raid tried to eliminate the guerrilla’s popular support.
\\nWe know by the Truth Commission and survivors’ testimonies that in every stop the army systematically murdered the inhabitants, raped dozens of girls and women, killed the animals and burned the trees, plantations, and house. According to official figures during those days 986 persons were murdered: 479 women and 558 children, of these children 254 were less than five years old.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: A Guerrilla’s group of children passed nearby 15 days after the massacre. One of them was Serafín: our guide.
\\nSerafín was 10 years old and a few months before he had joined the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMNL)’s troops.
\\n[Serafín]: As we were kids, we didn’t know what had happened: the dimension of it. I had to be in the war since I was 10 until I was 22. I was forced as we were under big repression at that moment.
\\n[Lorena]: Who took you there?
\\n[Serafín]: The thing is that my parents and I couldn’t live in the house anymore and they told us: ”look, we will take you to this place, to a shelter”.
\\n[Ximena]: As the Salvadoran State raised the repression against the people, the clandestine signal of Radio Venceremos—the Guerrilla’s official voice—was persuading the farmers to join their troops.
\\n[RADIO VENCEREMOS’ ARCHIVE]: These are just some of the places you could go to join the troops of victory. ”To face the imperialist attempts that try to maintain subjected our homeland, the guise is to increase the popular organization and to take up arms against the dictatorship. Farmers, students, and unemployed people join our troops and the revolutionary army.)
\\n[Lorena]: This message arrived at Serafín’s house and his parents think that the best option is to give him to Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo’s shelter, one of the four forces of the FMNL.
\\n[Serafín]: They took us to a school as they were going to safeguard us because we could live no longer in our houses and they would give us security and everything (…) we took normal classes like math. They also gave us classes where they teach us Farabundo Martí’s biography and told us this country is in a war and that kind of classes.
\\n(ARCHIVE: 80’S NEWS CLIPS IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH)
\\n[Ximena]: At that moment, the country had been in war for two years. The armed conflict broke out in 1979 in the context of the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
\\nThe land tenure was highly concentred in a few hands and the country had suffered half a century of abusive military regimes. After a decade of social conflict, factions of Farmer and students’ movements created guerrilla groups that later combined into the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front.
\\n[Serafín]: From 1972 to 1980 it was like sin, a crime in this country if you demanded your own rights or better life quality or a better job, education, healthcare… you were a subversive or a communist.
\\n[Ximena]: The world found out about the massacre 7 weeks later. Journalists Raymond Bonner, Alma Guillermo Prieto and the photographer Susan Meiseas arrived at Morazán where they met Rufina Amaya, one of the survivors of El Mozote massacre.
\\nOn January 27th, 1982, Alma Guillermo Prieto reproduced Rufina’s words in an article published in the American newspaper Washington Post:
\\n[Rufina Amaya´s testimony]:”They started with the women around noon. They picked up first the young girls and took them to the hills. Then they chose the older women and took them to the Israel Márquez’s house in the plaza. We heard shots. Later they continued with us, by groups. I hid and climbed a tree when they wanted to take me to Israel Márquez’s house. I saw the Lieutenant. He was shooting people himself.
\\n[Lorena]: As the years passed by more testimonies appeared. These were denied by the Salvadoran and American governments as the United States had supported the right-wing dictatorships in Latin America. For the remainder of the conflict, they claimed that the dead bodies were guerrilla members killed in action.
\\nOn October 26th, 1990, in the heat of the Civil War, the farmer Pedro Chicas went to San Francisco Gotera’s court in the Morazán’s municipal capital and officially report that his entire community had been murdered by the Salvadoran Army.
\\n[Ximena]: Wilfredo Medrano, a lawyer in the ”Dra. María Julia Hernandez” Human Rights Association, remembers well Pedro Chicas as he assisted the victims from the very first moment. We met him in his office in San Salvador before taking our path towards Morazán.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: He was the complainant and we joined him as he took legal action. He told how they had murdered the children, how they entered the hamlets, how they took out of their houses the families and how they destroyed and killed domestic animals. He described the crime scenes in an objective way. He should also remember that he was interrogated in a time when the safeguards of due process were not respected and the judge himself was an inquisitor that intimated the victims.
\\n[Lorena]: The complaint was archived until January 16th, 1992, when the war was officially over. 11 years had passed since the massacre.
\\n(PEACE ACCORD’S BROADCAST AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Civil War stopped after two years of talks mediated by the UN between the Salvadoran State and FMLN’s high ranked members. The Peace Treaty was signed in México’s Palacio de Chapultepec. There were Alfredo Cristiani, back then the Salvadoran President, and Salvador Sánchez Cerén, Guerrilla’s leader and current president of the country.
\\n[Lorena]: The world praised the Accords for being the first of its kind in Latin America. They allowed the demobilization of the insurgent forces, military structures, and the feared death squads. They changed the electoral system and designed a plan to distribute land among the poor.
\\n[Ximena]: The new Peace discourse led to the return of many of the displaced persons to their homes. Amadeo Martínez could return to La Joya after 12 years of wandering.
\\n[Amadeo Martínez]: When the Peace Accords were signed, it meant the end of the daily confrontations. We thought it was the perfect time to go back to our roots after a long time of being wandering. It was better to rebuild our hamlet and the local boards started to merge.
\\n[Lorena]: The victims think it is the perfect time to talk about the conflict crimes and joined by ”Dra. María Julia Hernandez” Human Rights Association decided to go to the San Francisco Gotera’s first instance judge. The same one where Pedro Chicas had testified before. The court ordered the first exhumations.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The first Discovery in El Mozote were 147 children’s bones, most of them no older than 9 years old and two adults, one of them a pregnant woman, that was the first shock. Then all the lies from the government’s institutions fell apart.
\\n[Ximena]: In the exhumations took part The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team that had experience from the horrors of the Southern Cone’s dictatorships… They could no longer say that the dead bodies belong to Guerrilla members killed in action.
\\n[Wilfredo]: They had denied it. They said that the massacre was a fairy tale. But now the people started to realize the seriousness of the El Mozote massacre. It is the first to come out in public. It is the first one where the brutality is discovered and the people start to say: ”See… it was all true”.
\\n[Lorena]: The brutality is also left exposed by the investigations of the Truth Commission that was created by the Peace Accords and led by Colombia’s former president Belisario Betancourt.
\\nOn March 15th, 1993, the Truth Commission published the report named ”De la Locura a la Esperanza: la guerra de los Doce Años en El Salvador”
\\n[Ximena]: It was established by the Truth Commission that the authors of El Mozote massacre were the Atlacatl battalion, Third brigade units and the Command Center of San Francisco Gotera
\\nThe Commission found a dozen of members of the Salvadoran Army as the masterminds behind the massacre and even linked General José Guillermo García, El Salvador’s former Minister of Defense, for not leading investigations and clarifying the facts.
\\n[Lorena]: But 5 days after the report’s publication the Salvadoran president, Alfredo Casiani, the high ranked members and The Legislative Assembly approved an amnesty law.
\\n[Wilfredo]: It is a law that meant the exoneration from criminal and civil liability to members of the Salvadoran Army and the FMNL members as well. At that moment all these people were being processed. They got benefits from that law and the incarcerated persons were freed from prison as if they had not committed any crime.
\\n[Ximena]: The Mozote Massacre’s victims and other victims of the conflict were left in limbo.
\\nThe Amnesty Law halted all the investigations and blocked the start of a truth and reparation process in which the war criminals revealed the location of mass graves, talked about the missing people or even asked for forgiveness.
\\nWith this paper they tried to erase 12 years of Salvadoran history and the national guise was ”forgive and forget”.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Practically that was what they wanted. To wipe the slate clean and if you lost your loved ones learn to bear it because here we are not investigating anybody. That was the spirit that this law brought. That was their idea to reconcile the country. But really the society was not reconciled.
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law left deep wounds in the Salvadoran society and started the victim’s crusade against impunity.
\\n(MUSIC AND AMADEO MARTÍNEZ HOUSE’S AMBIENT SOUND)
\\n[Amadeo]: They arrived at sunset, took people out of their houses and made them lay face-down on the ground without a reason. That’s how the nightmare started for the ones who died that day on the other side of the hill. You could hear screams of fear and voices of young girls subsiding in the silence…the dreams of so many innocent people. That’s the justice that I want and wait tirelessly.
\\n[Ximena]: In December 2016, government’s coroners handed him over the remains of 23 of his relatives in an act of reparation, including the remains of his mother and his three little brothers.
\\n[Amadeo]: That’s what we need: Justice, for all the parties involved that destroyed innocent children’s dreams. That’s what hurt me the most because they were defenseless children that died without knowing anything, they took them away from their future. Jail is little punishment for them, however, personally, I’ve said that we’ve got to forgive each other and we’ve already forgiven, but we want justice.
\\n[Lorena]: It’s the end of the afternoon and Amadeo says goodbye with a hug and gives some fruit and bread so we can eat on our way back. Before we leave he thanks us for listening to his story. He tells us that very few people are we willing to talk about what happened.
\\nWe go back to the road. Serafín rushes us so we can make it to Mozote before it gets dark.
\\n[Ximena]: We arrive at the place where it was located the old church in the village. There it was built the Monumento Histórico El Mozote, a memorial with almost a thousand written names of the murdered persons.
\\nIt’s a Wednesday night and the memorial doesn’t remember death. It’s a park where the children play and it’s allowed to jump, scream and laugh.
\\n[Lorena]: Serafín what is this?
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: It is a burial place. They were buried in 1991 in the first phase.
\\n[Ximena]: It is a cemetery?
\\n[Serafín]: Yes, it is a general tomb for the people that were not identified at that moment. The memorial was created in 1991 and it symbolizes a family: a father, a mother, a boy, and a girl. As a way to pay tributes, they made the monument to the people who died in the massacre. It says: ”El Mozote never again” because it is a historical place… symbolic of the present and future generations. What happened in El Mozote should never be repeated.
\\n[Ximena]: Serafín knows the story because his job is to tell it to the tourist that arrive here looking for hints of El Salvador’s war. When the conflict ended, he was 22 years old and had few skills besides his war abilities. He created ”La Ruta de la Paz”, a tour that tries to protect the historical memory, with a group of former Guerrilla members.
\\nHe also knows the massacre because he lived it. Even though being a guerrilla member protected him, in a certain way, horror also touched his home.
\\n[Serafín]: Here is my aunt Natividad Luna Pérez and my cousin Octaviana Luna that was 1 year old. Other family members were murdered not exactly in El Mozote but in the Ortiz Hill another massacre that was not investigated. We consider that there were murdered 60 families.
\\n[Lorena]: How many family members did you lost?
\\n[Serafín]: I think… 12 family members. Here are missing some. From El Mozote are 11 family members. They were walking between El Mozote and Ortiz Hill and were caught by the Army because they were escaping of the military operation as well.
\\n[Ximena]: What does it mean to you obtain Justice?
\\n[Serafín]: Justice is what happens when people have access to the truth or when a government answers to the people’s interest of finding the truth: who were the authors?. It is certainly not the intention to throw them in jail as they wouldn’t fit as they are too many. The idea is to create a precedent and take them to a court and tell them: ”Look… you’ve made this mistake. Ask for forgiveness to the families. And to the families that still have hope and want to find their loved ones, go tell them: ”Here they are”. I think that is restorative justice.
\\n(MUSIC AND CREDITS)
\\n***
\\nInstitutional voice: On the next episode
\\n(EL MOZOTE’S HEARING AUDIO)
\\nInstitutional voice: Military to the dock. Those allegedly responsible for the massacre face their decisions on the court after 35 years of El Mozote.
\\nInstitutional voice:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nVisit ”War witnesses” onwww.radionacional.co/testigosdelaguerra
\\nor in www.piedepagina.mx/testigosdelaguerra
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete, y Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
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En este capítulo Serafín Gómez, un guía turístico poco común nos conduce por los territorios que presenciaron la masacre más grande de América Latina y sus testigos, que a 25 años de la firma de la paz, libran una batalla monumental por mantener viva la memoria de los seres queridos que perdieron.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"div\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"ga-link\",\"properties\":{\"to\":\"/la-masacre-que-no-pudieron-borrar.html\",\"className\":[\"ga-button\"]},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Volver al audio\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El 16 de enero de 1992 El Salvador firmó un acuerdo de paz que terminó con 12 años de guerra.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(FULL ARCHIVO DISCURSO DE ALFREDO CRISTIANI, EX PRESIDENTE SALVADOREÑO SOBRE EL ACUERDO DE PAZ)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Y el 29 de diciembre de 1996 fue el turno para Guatemala.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(FULL ARCHIVO: DISCURSO DE ÁLVARO ARZÚ, EX PRESIDENTE DE GUATEMALA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Voz institucional]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Dos décadas después las heridas de la guerra siguen abiertas. Ximena Natera de Pie de Página de México y Lorena Vega de Radio Nacional de Colombia presentan Testigos de la guerra, voces contra la impunidad, historias de lucha por la memoria y la justicia en El Salvador y Guatemala.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"***\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO, XIMENA NATERA, LORENA VEGA Y SERAFÍN GOMEZ SE PRESENTAN)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena Vega]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Él es Serafín Gómez Luna, es un hombre alegre de un poco más de 40 años con piel morena y rasgos indígenas. Desde hace una década es guía turístico y mientras viajamos por las vías en el departamento de Morazán, norte de El Salvador, Serafín nos cuenta la historia del lugar.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín Gómez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Esta es Arambala, la iglesia fue destruida, le tiraron cinco bombas de 500 libras, hoy ya está reconstruida con un nuevo diseño. Después del 82 la gente abandonó el pueblo y regresaron hasta el 93 después de la firma de los acuerdos de paz…\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena Natera]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Esta fue una de las regiones más golpeadas por el conflicto armado interno que destrozó al país durante los años 80. Estos caminos presenciaron, hace 37 años, la masacre más grande de la historia moderna de América Latina, El Mozote.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA NORTEÑA Y SONIDOS DE CARRETERA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Para llegar al Mozote desde San Salvador, la capital, cruzamos el país desde el oeste, cerca de la costa del pacífico, hasta la zona fronteriza con Honduras en un viaje de apenas 4 horas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Es un país diminuto con una población de apenas 7 millones. Aun así, ocupa primeras planas por la violencia brutal de las pandillas o por la migración de sus ciudadanos hacia Estados Unidos, un tema que lo liga permanentemente a México.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" A Colombia llegan pocas noticias de El Salvador. Sabemos que aquí se dio un proceso de paz en los 90s y por eso hay quienes lo ha mostrado como ejemplo a seguir en el marco del proceso de negociación que en 2016 llevó al fin de las Farc, la guerrilla más antigua del continente.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Han pasado 26 años desde los acuerdos que terminaron con la guerra civil salvadoreña que en 12 años dejó 75 mil muertos, centenares de masacres, más de 8 mil desaparecidos y un millón de desplazados. Se silenciaron los fusiles pero eso no trajo tranquilidad a las víctimas. Si hubiese sido así hoy no estaríamos aquí.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Serafín nos guía a la comunidad La Joya en la zona alta de Morazán. Para llegar ahí dejamos la carretera, avanzamos sobre terracería y cruzamos un río sin puente. Media hora después aparecen las primeras casas. Afuera de una, trabajando en el jardín, nos espera Amadeo Martínez.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO DE CONVERSACIÓN INFORMAL CON AMADEO MARTINEZ)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Amadeo nos atiende en la entrada y nos ofrece café, habla con nosotras como si fuéramos buenos amigos. Cuando terminamos la taza, nos lleva a un pequeño patio junto a su casa que está cercado con una malla. Al centro, en medio de flores de plástico hay un muro de piedra con 23 lápidas y en cada una el nombre de un familiar. Todos murieron el mismo día.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[**Amadeo Martínez]:** Aquí están los restos de mi familia, aquí tenemos este pequeño monumento, ahí están enterrados ellos, las osamentas que sacaron.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA ORIGINAL)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Hoy Amadeo tiene 45 años, en diciembre de 1981 tenía 9.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En ese tiempo existía la Guardia Nacional siempre pasaba patrullando los cantones y buscando la gente mayor, los papás. Ya persiguiendo a ellos, ¿por qué? a saber.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La zona era el bastión de los grupos subversivos y por eso el Ejército y la Guardia llegaban a los cantones a buscar guerrilleros y de paso acosaban a los hombres jóvenes.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El diez en la tarde empezamos a escuchar disparos por el río Torola.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando los militares se acercaban, los hombres se escondían en las montañas por unos días mientras las mujeres y los niños se quedaban en los cantones. Pero esta vez el padre de Amadeo presiente lo peor.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ya en la tarde dice mi papá ”quizá se va a poner feo”, porque ya otras gentes ya se estaban yendo siempre en el mismo cantón a dormir a otras casas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El papá de Amadeo quiere sacar a toda su familia de La Joya, pero como es tarde solo alcanza a irse con sus dos hijos mayores a la casa de un vecino. Horas después vuelve con la intención de llevarse a toda la familia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Y ya en la madrugada yo, mi papá y mi hermano nos pasamos sacando a mi mamá y ella no se quiso ir.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La mamá de Amadeo cree innecesario huir y prefiere quedarse en casa con los hijos más pequeños: una niña de siete, uno de seis y un bebé de año.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"En las casas vecinas sucede lo mismo. Los hombres se van con los hijos mayores y las mujeres se quedan con los más chicos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA Y RECONSTRUCCIÓN SONORA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ya cuando empieza todo, el gran bombardeo, balacera, helicópteros por todo lado ya nosotros empezamos a ver, a sospechar que no era nada bueno.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En la mañana del 11 de diciembre los aviones de la Fuerza Aérea lanzan bombas a todo lo que se mueve y los soldados entran a las casas, gritan, insultan y apuntan sus fusiles a niños y adultos por igual. Amadeo huye entre el monte, su papá de alguna forma logra esconderlos entre las hojas carnosas de unos agaves donde apenas caben.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Había en ese tiempo, aquí se trabaja mucho el henequén, que es de unas matas que tengo sembradas al frente. Nosotros le llamábamos mezcalares, que tienen espinas, nosotros ahí nos logramos meter y de allí no salimos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" No pueden moverse, ni emitir un sonido.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ahí quedito, quedito. Mi papá, mi hermano y otros señores que viven en los quebrachos y no nos dábamos cuenta de que estábamos cerca de ellos. Era tan silencioso y los aviones pasaban bajito y solo nos cubría uno matones.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Desde su escondite escuchan los gritos y ven a los soldados asesinar a sus vecinos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Llegaron a esa casa como a las dos de la tarde a matar a toda la gente de esa casita (…) cuando empezó y sacaron los niños y los llevaron para la orilla del río, violaron a unas muchachas como de 15, 16 años, todo eso lo percibimos nosotros.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Ahí, entre las hojas con espinas, Amadeo pasa 8 días paralizado.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Lo único que podíamos masticar para poder tener húmeda la boca, aquí hay unos palitos de guayabo, la hoja y las cáscaras, para medio sobrevivir.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Un hambre tremenda y el mal olor que llega desde las casas los obliga a salir del escondite. Los militares ya no están e inician la búsqueda de sus seres queridos con la esperanza de hallarlos ocultos en cuevas cercanas. Durante dos horas el papá de Amadeo busca a su esposa, mientras los dos pequeños caminan entre los escombros de La Joya. Amadeo cuenta con dificultad lo que vió en una casa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En la pared habían escrito un niño muerto un guerrillero menos, frases ilógicas, que uno ni sabía que era guerrilla en ese tiempo. Y el propósito supuestamente pues que eran guerrilleros todos, cuando, al contrario, éramos unas personas, somos unas personas campesinas que nos dedicamos a trabajar toda la vida, es tremendo.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Amadeo vuelve a ver a su papá y esa es la última imagen que conserva en su memoria de esos días.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Yo recuerdo que mi papá nos abrazó y nos dijo: nos quedamos solos hijos, mataron a toda su familia. De ahí no me recuerdo más, porque imagínese, uno sin comer, sin nada y una noticia de esas es como para morirse del impacto.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Cuántas personas de su familia asesinaron?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Entre primos y abuelos, tías, porque sobre todo hay niños y mujeres, adultos y hombres casi no hay, en total son 25. Mi mamá y tres hermanitos míos, ellos son los más cercanos y los demás son primos hermanos, tíos y abuelos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Ximena:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La que se ha conocido como la masacre de El Mozote fue en realidad una matanza en esta y otras 7 poblaciones de Morazán: Ranchería, Los Toriles, Arambala, Jocote Amarillo, Pinalito y Cerro Ortiz y La Joya, el hogar de Amadeo. Fue el inicio de ”la operación Rescate” o ”Yunque y Martillo”, ejecutada por el Batallón Atlacatl y otras unidades militares de la zona entre el 10 y 13 de diciembre de 1981. Esta incursión buscaba eliminar el apoyo popular a la guerrilla.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Sabemos, por la comisión de la verdad y los testimonios de los sobrevivientes, que en cada parada, el ejército masacró sistemáticamente a los pobladores, violaron a decenas de mujeres y niñas, mataron animales y quemaron árboles, plantíos y casas. Las cifras oficiales indican que durante esos días 986 personas fueron masacrados: 479 mujeres y 558 niños, de ellos 254 tenían menos de cinco años.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" 15 días después de la masacre, un grupo de niños soldados de la guerrilla pasó cerca de ahí en un patrullaje. Uno de ellos era Serafín, nuestro Guía. Tenía 10 años y unos pocos meses de haber ingresado a las filas del Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, FMNL.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cómo éramos niños, no sabíamos que había pasado, la dimensión.a mí me tocó ir a la guerra de los 10 hasta los 22 años. Fue obligado en el sentido de la represión que teníamos en ese momento.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Quién lo llevó?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" la cuestión era que mis padres y mi mamá no podíamos vivir ya en la casa y nos dijeron, miren, los vamos a llevar a un lugar, a un refugio.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Mientras el estado salvadoreño aumentaba la represión contra la gente, la señal clandestina de Radio Venceremos, voz oficial de la guerrilla, alentaba a los campesinos a unirse a sus filas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[ARCHIVO DE RADIO VENCEREMOS]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Estos son solo algunos de los lugares a los que podés acudir para ingresar a las filas de la victoria. ” frente a la pretensión imperialista de mantener sometida a nuestra patria, la consigna es incrementar la organización popular y empuñar las armas contra la dictadura. Los trabajadores del campo. Los estudiantes y desempleados, a integrarse a las milicias y al ejército revolucionario.)\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El mensaje llega a la casa de Serafín y sus papás creen que la mejor opción es entregarlo a un refugio del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo, una de las cuatro fuerzas del FMNL.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Nos llevaron a una escuela de menores, nos iban a resguardar, a tener porque ya no podíamos vivir en las casas nuestras y nos iban a dar seguridad y todo (…) solo recibimos clases normales, matemáticas, nos daban la biografia de Farabundo Martí y nos decían en este país hay una guerra, ese tipo de clases.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(ARCHIVO: CLIPS DE NOTICIEROS EN INGLÉS Y ESPAÑOL DE LOS AÑOS 80\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\")\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Para ese momento, el país llevaba dos años en guerra. El conflicto había estallado en 1979 en el marco de la Guerra Fría entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"La propiedad de la tierra estaba concentrada en pocas manos y el país había sufrido medio siglo de regímenes militares abusivos. Después de una década de conflicto social facciones de movimientos campesinos y estudiantiles crearon grupos guerrilleros que luego conformaron el Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En ese entonces era un pecado, un delito en este país, desde los años 72 al 80 si exigías tus derechos de mejor calidad de vida, mejor empleo, educación, salud, eras un subversivo o un comunista en este país.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El mundo supo de la masacre 7 semanas después. Los periodistas Raymond Bonner, Alma Guillermo Prieto y la fotógrafa Susan Meiselas, llegaron a Morazán donde conocieron a Rufina Amaya, sobreviviente de la masacre en el caserío del Mozote.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"El 27 de enero de 1982, en una publicación del diario estadounidense Washington Post, Alma Guillermo Prieto reprodujo las palabras de Rufina:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Testimonio de Rufina Amaya]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" »Cerca del mediodía empezaron con las mujeres. Escogieron primero a las muchachas jóvenes y se las llevaron a los cerros. Después eligieron a las mujeres mayores y las llevaron a la casa de Israel Márquez en la plaza. Oímos los disparos. Después siguieron con nosotras, por grupos. Cuando me llegó el turno de que me llevaran a la casa de Israel Márquez me escondí detrás de un árbol y me encaramé. Entonces vi al teniente. Él personalmente estaba ametrallando a la gente».\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Con los años aparecieron más testimonios que fueron negados por los gobiernos de El Salvador y Estados Unidos, que había apoyado las dictaduras de derecha en América Latina. Durante el resto del conflicto, sostuvieron que los cuerpos habían sido subversivos muertos en combate.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"El 26 de octubre de 1990, en plena guerra, Pedro Chicas, un campesino, desafió a las autoridades y se presentó al juzgado de San Francisco Gotera, la cabecera municipal de Morazán, y denunció oficialmente que su comunidad entera había sido masacrada por el ejército.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" A Pedro Chicas lo recuerda bien Wilfredo Medrano, abogado de la asociación de Derechos Humanos Tutela Legal María Julia Hernández, que desde el primer momento acompañó a las víctimas. Con él nos reunimos en su oficina de San Salvador, antes de emprender el camino hacia Morazán.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo Medrano]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Él fue el denunciante y de hecho, fue quien pone la denuncia, acompañado de nosotros, donde narra cómo habían asesinado a los niños, cómo habían penetrado los cantones, cómo habían sacado de sus casas a la familia, cómo destruyeron y mataron animales domésticos, es decir, él describe la escena de los crímenes de una manera objetiva. También recordemos que fue sometido a un interrogatorio en la época cuando no se respetaban las garantías del debido proceso, cuando el mismo juez era inquisitivo, cuando el mismo juez generaba temor a las víctimas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La denuncia estuvo guardada en un cajón hasta que el 16 de enero de 1992, oficialmente la guerra terminó. Habían pasado 11 años desde la masacre.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO DE TRANSMISIÓN DE LA FIRMA DE LA PAZ)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El alto a la guerra llegó después de dos años de conversaciones arbitradas por la ONU entre el estado salvadoreño y los altos mandos del FMLN. El tratado de paz se firmó en el Palacio de Chapultepec en México. Ahí estaban el presidente salvadoreño Alfredo Cristiani y Salvador Sánchez Cerén, líder de la guerrilla y actual presidente del país.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El mundo elogió los acuerdos por ser los primeros de su tipo en América Latina. Permitieron la desmovilización de fuerzas insurgentes, estructuras militares y los temidos escuadrones de la muerte. Cambiaron el sistema electoral y formularon un plan para distribuir tierras entre los más pobres.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" El nuevo discurso de paz llevó a que muchos de los desplazados volvieran a sus hogares. Después de 12 años deambulando de cantón en cantón, Amadeo Martínez regresó a La Joya.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo Martínez]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Cuando se firman los acuerdos de paz significa que ya no iba a haber más enfrentamientos porque aquí era a diario, entonces dijimos nosotros que era el tiempo perfecto para volver a buscar nuestros orígenes, tanto tiempo de estar rodando por otros lados y teniendo uno su pedacito de tierra, mejor volver a reconstruir el cantón, ya se comienzan a organizar las directivas comunales y empezar de cero.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Las víctimas creen que es el momento perfecto para hablar de los crímenes del conflicto y con el acompañamiento de Tutela Legal acudieron ante el juez de Primera Instancia de San Francisco Gotera, el mismo ante el cual Pedro Chicas había testificado. El funcionario ordenó las primeras exhumaciones.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Se revela y se refleja el primer descubrimiento en El Mozote son 147 osamentas de niños, la mayoría niños de 0 a 9 años de edad y dos adultos, una mujer embarazada, ese fue el primer impacto. Entonces ahí se rompe y se cae toda la mentira a todas las instituciones del Gobierno.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En las exhumaciones participó el Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, familiarizado con los horrores de las dictaduras del cono sur. Ya no hubo forma de decir que los muertos eran guerrilleros caídos en combate.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Lo habían negado, decían que la masacre era una novela, que era un cuento. Eso ya impacta. Comienza a dimensionarse la masacre de El Mozote, es la primera que se destapa, donde se descubre la brutalidad, donde la gente dice, si ven que era cierto.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La brutalidad también queda en evidencia en las investigaciones de la Comisión de la Verdad, creada por los acuerdos y liderada por el expresidente de Colombia, Belisario Betancourt.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"El 15 de marzo de 1993 la comisión publica el informe ”De la Locura a la Esperanza: la guerra de los Doce Años en El Salvador”.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Sobre El Mozote la comisión estableció que los autores fueron el Batallón Atlacatl, unidades de la Tercera Brigada y del Centro de Instrucción de Comandos de San Francisco Gotera.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Señaló a una docena de militares como autores intelectuales e incluso vinculó al entonces ministro de Defensa, General José Guillermo García, por no haber realizado las investigaciones que permitieran esclarecer los hechos.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Pero cinco días después de la publicación del informe, el presidente Alfredo Cristiani, la cúpula del FMLN y la Asamblea Legislativa aprobaron una Ley de Amnistía.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Es una ley que conlleva a la exoneración de responsabilidades penales y civiles, tanto que favoreció a miembros de la Fuerza armada y del FMN, es decir, todas esas personas que en el momento estaban siendo procesadas debían ser beneficiadas con esa ley, la personas que estaban en prisión fueron liberadas. Eso les permitió a todos quedar libres como si no hubieran cometido ningún delito.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Las víctimas del Mozote quedaron en el limbo y no fueron las únicas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"La ley frenó todas las investigaciones e impidió iniciar un proceso de reparación y verdad donde los criminales revelaran la ubicación de fosas, hablaran de los desaparecidos o mucho menos pidieran perdón. Es como si con un papel se hubiera querido borrar 12 años de la historia de El Salvador, el lema nacional fue ”perdón y olvido”.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Wilfredo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Prácticamente eso pretendían, hacer borrón y cuenta nueva, aquí no ha pasado nada, sí perdiste a tus seres queridos confórmate porque aquí no se va a procesar a nadie. Ese era el espíritu que llevaba. Con eso pretendían reconciliar al país, pero realmente esta sociedad no está reconciliada.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" La ley de amnistía dejó heridas profundas en la sociedad salvadoreña y motivó el inicio de una cruzada de las víctimas contra la impunidad.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"MÚSICA Y SONIDO AMBIENTE DE CASA DE AMADEO MARTÍNEZ\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Llegaron al atardecer, sacaron a mi gente de sus casas, los pusieron boca abajo, tendidos en el suelo, sin razón y así comienza la pesadilla de los que murieron aquel día al otro lado del cerro. Se oyen gritos de terror, voces de jovencitas que se apagan en el silencio, del dolor, sueños que terminaron de tanta gente inocente, justicia que hoy quiero y no me canso de esperar. Frases, verdad.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En diciembre de 2016, en un acto de reparación, forenses del Gobierno le entregaron los restos de 23 familiares, entre ellos su mamá y sus tres hermanos menores.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Amadeo]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Eso es lo que necesitamos, justicia, para todos los actores que truncaron sueños de niños inocentes. Es lo que más duele porque son niños indefensos que murieron sin saber, les quitaron un futuro. La cárcel es poco para ellos, porque no crea, yo en mi caso personal, hemos dicho que tenemos que perdonamos, nosotros ya perdonamos, pero queremos justicia.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Es el final de la tarde y Amadeo nos despide con un abrazo, nos manda un par de frutas y pan para el camino. Antes de irnos nos agradece por haberlo escuchado. Nos dice que son pocas las personas que quieren hablar de lo que pasó.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Regresamos a la carretera, Serafín nos apura para para llegar al Mozote antes de que oscurezca.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En el caserío llegamos al lugar donde se ubicaba la antigua iglesia. Allí se construyó el Monumento Histórico El Mozote, un memorial con los nombres de los casi mil asesinados.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Es miércoles por la noche y el monumento no recuerda muerte, sino un parque donde los niños juegan, se está permitido saltar, gritar y reír.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Serafín ¿qué hay aquí?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Aquí están sepultadas las personas que fueron sepultadas en 1991 en la primera fase.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Esto es un cementerio?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Sí, esta es una tumba general de las personas que no fueron identificadas en ese momento. El monumento fue creado en 1991 y significa una familia, un padre, una madre, un niño y una niña, una familia. En homenaje a eso hicieron el monumento a los masacrados y dice ”El Mozote nunca más”, porque es un sitio histórico, simbólico de reflexión para las presentes y futuras generaciones, que lo que sucedió en El Mozote no se debe repetir nunca más.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Serafín conoce la historia porque su trabajo consiste en contarla a los turistas que llegan hasta aquí buscando pistas de la guerra de El Salvador. Cuando terminó el conflicto tenía 22 años y pocas destrezas más allá de la guerra. Con un grupo de exguerrilleros creó la ”Ruta de la Paz”, un recorrido que pretende proteger la memoria histórica.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"También conoce la masacre porque la vivió. Aunque ser parte de la guerrilla lo protegió de cierto modo, el horror también llegó a su casa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Aquí está mi tía Natividad Luna Pérez, Octaviana Luna que tenía un año. Octaviana era mi prima que tenía un año. De ahí siguen el resto de familiares que fueron asesinados no exactamente en el Mozote sino en el cerro Ortiz, que fue otra masacre que no está investigada. Consideramos que ahí fueron asesinadas 60 familias.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Lorena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Cuántos familiares perdió?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Como más o menos 12 familiares. Aquí faltan unos que están. Del Mozote hay 11 familiares. Ellos venían caminando entre El Mozote y el Cerro Ortiz, los alcanzó el Ejército porque venían huyendo del operativo también.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[[Ximena]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" ¿Qué significaría para tí obtener justicia?\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"[Serafín]:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Justicia es cuando las personas tienen la verdad en las manos o cuando hay un gobierno que responde a un interés de conocer la verdad, quiénes fueron los autores, la intención no es meterlos presos porque no cabrían en las cárceles todos estos que cometieron estos crímenes. La intención es sentar un precedente de sentarlos en la justicia y decirles miren ustedes cometieron este error pidan perdón a las familias que cometieron estos errores o a las familias que todavía tienen fe de encontrar a sus familiares, aquí están, creo que esa es justicia restaurativa.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"***\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(MÚSICA E INICIO DE CRÉDITOS)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Voz institucional:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" En el siguiente capítulo\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"(AUDIO DE LA AUDIENCIA POR EL CASO DE EL MOZOTE)\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Voz institucional:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\" Militares al banquillo. Treinta y cinco años después de la masacre de El Mozote, los presuntos responsables son llamados a rendir cuentas.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"strong\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Voz institucional:\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"”Testigos de la Guerra, voces contra la impunidad” es una serie documental sonora realizada por Pie de Página y Radio Nacional de Colombia. Este trabajo fue realizado gracias a la iniciativa Adelante de la International Women´s Media Foundation.\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Visite el especial en\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"a\",\"properties\":{\"href\":\"http://www.radionacional.co/testigosdelaguerra\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"www.radionacional.co/testigosdelaguerra\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"O \"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"a\",\"properties\":{\"href\":\"http://www.piedepagina.mx/testigosdelaguerra\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"www.piedepagina.mx/testigosdelaguerra\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Investigación y guión: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Producción de campo en El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete, y Jonatan Funes\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Música original: Santiago Flores\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Edición sonora: José Luis Mantilla\"}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"\\n\"},{\"type\":\"element\",\"tagName\":\"p\",\"properties\":{},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"value\":\"Web: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán.\"}]}],\"data\":{\"quirksMode\":false}},\"frontmatter\":{\"date\":\"enero 29, 2019\",\"path\":\"/transcripcion-espanol/la-masacre-que-no-pudieron-borrar.html\",\"category\":\"El Salvador\",\"title\":\"La masacre que no pudieron borrar\",\"active\":true,\"streamaudio\":null,\"video\":{\"url\":\"\",\"caption\":\"\"},\"transcriptions\":null,\"gallery\":null}}},\"pathContext\":{\"prev\":{\"excerpt\":\"En diciembre de 1981, el ejército salvadoreño asesinó a más de mil personas en el caserío El Mozote y comunidades aledañas, al norte del país. Eran los primeros años de la guerra y las atrocidades de la masacre pautaron la crueldad para el resto del…\",\"html\":\"En diciembre de 1981, el ejército salvadoreño asesinó a más de mil personas en el caserío El Mozote y comunidades aledañas, al norte del país. Eran los primeros años de la guerra y las atrocidades de la masacre pautaron la crueldad para el resto del conflicto. En este capítulo Serafín Gómez, un guía turístico poco común nos conduce por los territorios que presenciaron la masacre más grande de América Latina y sus testigos, que a 25 años de la firma de la paz, libran una batalla monumental por mantener viva la memoria de los seres queridos que perdieron.
\\n[Institutional voice]: On January 16th, 1992, El Salvador signed a Peace Accord that ended 12 years of war.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE: ALFREDO CRISTIANI’S SPEECH ON THE PEACE TREATY, FORMER SALVADORAN PRESIDENT)
\\n[Institutional voice]: On December 29th, 1996, it was Guatemala’s turn.
\\n(AUDIO ARCHIVE: ÁLVARO ARZU’S DISCOURSE, FORMER PRESIDENT OF GUATEMALA)
\\n[Institutional voice]: After two decades, the war wounds are still open. Pie de Página’s Ximena Natera and Radio Nacional de Colombia’s Lorena Vega present War witnesses: voices against impunity, stories about the battles for memory and justice in El Salvador and Guatemala.
\\n***
\\n(AUDIO, XIMENA NATERA, LORENA VEGA, AND SERAFÍN GOMEZ INTRODUCE THEMSELVES)
\\n[Lorena Vega]: He is Serafín Gómez Luna and is a joyful man. He is a little bit over 40 years old, has dark skin and has indigenous traits. He has been a tour guide for a decade and as we travel through the roads of the Morazán department located in the North of El Salvador, Serafín tells us the story of the place.
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: This is Arambala. Here the church was destroyed, they threw five bombs of 500 pounds. It was rebuilt and now has a new design. After 1982 the people left the town and only went back in 1993 after the peace accords were signed…
\\n[Ximena Natera]: This was one of the most struck regions by the civil war that destroyed the country during the ’80s. 37 years ago, these roads witnessed the biggest massacre of Latin America’s modern history: El Mozote.
\\n(NORTEÑO MUSIC PLAYS AND ROAD NOISES)
\\n[Lorena]: To arrive in El Mozote from San Salvador, El Salvador’s capital city, we cross the country from the west near the Pacific coast to the border zone with Honduras in a journey that lasts just 4 hours.
\\n[Ximena]: It is a tiny country with a population of just 7 million people. However, it is in a constant spotlight for the brutal violence of its’s gangs or for its’s citizens emigration to the United States—a matter that bounds it permanently to Mexico.
\\n[Lorena]: We have a small amount of news from El Salvador back in Colombia. We know that here took place a Peace process in the ’90s and for that reason, there were people showing it as guide route in the negotiation process that in 2016 led to the end of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—the oldest guerrilla in the continent. 26 years have passed since the Peace Accords that ended up the Salvadoran civil war. In 12 years this conflict left 75 thousand deaths, hundreds of massacres, more than 8 thousand disappearances and a million of internally displaced persons. The rifles were silenced but this didn’t mean ease to the victims. If it had been the case, we wouldn’t be here today.
\\n[Ximena]: Serafín guides us to La Joya community on the high lands of Morazán. To get there we went through dirt roads and crossed a river without a bridge. Half an hour later, the first houses start to appear. On the outside of one of these houses, Amadeo Martínez waits for us. He is working in the garden.
\\n(SMALL TALK WITH AMADEO MARTINEZ)
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo welcomes us in the entry of the house then offers us some coffee. He talks to us as for as if we were good friends. When we finish our coffee, he takes us to a small yard fenced with a mesh next to his house. In the center, there is a stone wall surrounded by plastic flowers. It has 23 memorial tablets, each one has the name of a relative. They all died the same day.
\\n[Amadeo Martínez]: Here lie the remains of my family, we have this small monument with the bones they found…They are buried there.
\\n(ORIGINAL MUSIC)
\\n[Ximena]: Today Amadeo has 45 years old, in December 1981, he was 9.
\\n[Amadeo]: In that time still existed the Guardia Nacional. They were always patrolling the hamlets and searching for the older people: the parents. Already chasing them. Why? Who knows
\\n[Lorena]: This zone was one of the bastions of the subversive groups and for that reason, La Guardia looked for guerrilla members in the hamlets in that way they could also intimidate the young men.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the early afternoon of the 10th, we started listening shots by the Torola river.
\\n[Lorena]: When the military was close, the men hide in the mountains for a few days as the women and the children stayed in the hamlets. But this time Amadeo’s father fears the worst.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the afternoon my dad says ”maybe it’s going to get ugly” because the other people were already leaving to sleep in other houses.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo’s father wants to take the whole family out of La Joya, but as it is too late, he only manages to leave with his two older sons to a neighbor’s house. He comes back hours later willing to bring with him the whole family.
\\n[Amadeo]: In the early morning my brother, my dad and I tried to take my mom out of there but she didn’t want to leave.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo’s mother thinks it’s not necessary to run away and prefers to stay in the house with the younger sons: a 7-year-old girl, a 6-year-old boy, and a 1-year-old baby.
\\nIt’s the same in the other houses. The men leave with their older sons and the women stay with the younger ones.
\\n(MUSIC AND SOUND RECONSTRUCTION)
\\n[Amadeo]: When it all started: the bombing, the shooting, helicopters everywhere. We started to realize that this was no good.
\\n[Lorena]: On the morning of December 11th, the Salvadoran Airforce’s planes drop bombs to everything that moved and the soldiers enter the houses yelling, insulting and pointing their rifles to adults and children as well. Amadeo runs away to the bushes. His father manages to somehow hide them behind some agaves’ fleshy leaves where they barely fit.
\\n[Amadeo]: In that time the people worked a lot the henequén. It is one of the plants that I have seeded in front of the house. They have spikes and we called them ’mezcalares’. We managed to get in there and we didn’t come out.
\\n[Lorena]: They can’t move or make a sound.
\\n[Amadeo]: My dad, my brother and other men that lived in the quebranchos were there quietly and we didn’t realize that they were close. It was so silent and the planes were flying low and we were just covered by some bushes.
\\n[Lorena]: In their hiding place, the group listens to the screams and sees the soldiers murder their neighbors.
\\n[Amadeo]: They arrived at that house at 2 in the afternoon to kill all the people from that little house (…) when it started they pulled out the children and took them to the river bank. They raped some girls. They were like 15 or 16 years old. We witnessed all that.
\\n[Lorena]: There in the bushes with spikes, Amadeo spends 8 days paralyzed.
\\n[Amadeo]: The only thing we could chew to keep the mouth wet were these guayabo’s sticks, leaves and peels so we could survive.
\\n[Lorena]: A tremendous hunger and the bad smell coming from the house make them leave their hiding place. The military is gone and they start the search of their loved ones with the hope of finding them hidden in the nearby caves. Amadeo’s father looks for his wife, while the two children walk through the rubble of La Joya for two hours. Haltingly, Amadeo tells what he saw in a house.
\\n[Amadeo]: It was written on the wall: ”A dead child is a future guerrilla member dead”. Illogical sentences as we didn’t know what a guerrilla was at that time. The purpose was to kill everybody as we were supposedly guerrilla but we were just… we are just farmers. We’ve been working all our lives. It’s dreadful.
\\n[Lorena]: Amadeo sees again his father and that’s the last memory he keeps from those days.
\\n[Amadeo]: I remember that my father hugged us and told us: we are the only ones left, they killed all your family. From that point, I can’t remember… Just imagine you have not eaten well in days and someone gives you this news… it could kill you the shock.
\\n[Lorena]: How many of your family members did they kill?
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: If you count cousins, grandpas, aunts because most of them were children and women, they are probably 25. Almost no men or adults were killed. My mom and my three brothers were the closest ones. The others were cousins, brothers, uncles, aunts, grandpas, and grandmas.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Ximena]: What has come to be known as the massacre of El Mozote was really a slaughter in El Mozote village and seven other Morazán’s communities: Ranchería, Los Toriles, Arambala, Jocote Amarillo, Pinalito y Cerro Ortiz, and La Joya: Amadeo’s home. It was the beginning of the ”Operación Rescate”, rescue operation or ”Yunque y Martillo” executed by the Atlacatl Battalion and other military units from the zone between December 10th and December 13th, 1981. This raid tried to eliminate the guerrilla’s popular support.
\\nWe know by the Truth Commission and survivors’ testimonies that in every stop the army systematically murdered the inhabitants, raped dozens of girls and women, killed the animals and burned the trees, plantations, and house. According to official figures during those days 986 persons were murdered: 479 women and 558 children, of these children 254 were less than five years old.
\\n(MUSIC)
\\n[Lorena]: A Guerrilla’s group of children passed nearby 15 days after the massacre. One of them was Serafín: our guide.
\\nSerafín was 10 years old and a few months before he had joined the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMNL)’s troops.
\\n[Serafín]: As we were kids, we didn’t know what had happened: the dimension of it. I had to be in the war since I was 10 until I was 22. I was forced as we were under big repression at that moment.
\\n[Lorena]: Who took you there?
\\n[Serafín]: The thing is that my parents and I couldn’t live in the house anymore and they told us: ”look, we will take you to this place, to a shelter”.
\\n[Ximena]: As the Salvadoran State raised the repression against the people, the clandestine signal of Radio Venceremos—the Guerrilla’s official voice—was persuading the farmers to join their troops.
\\n[RADIO VENCEREMOS’ ARCHIVE]: These are just some of the places you could go to join the troops of victory. ”To face the imperialist attempts that try to maintain subjected our homeland, the guise is to increase the popular organization and to take up arms against the dictatorship. Farmers, students, and unemployed people join our troops and the revolutionary army.)
\\n[Lorena]: This message arrived at Serafín’s house and his parents think that the best option is to give him to Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo’s shelter, one of the four forces of the FMNL.
\\n[Serafín]: They took us to a school as they were going to safeguard us because we could live no longer in our houses and they would give us security and everything (…) we took normal classes like math. They also gave us classes where they teach us Farabundo Martí’s biography and told us this country is in a war and that kind of classes.
\\n(ARCHIVE: 80’S NEWS CLIPS IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH)
\\n[Ximena]: At that moment, the country had been in war for two years. The armed conflict broke out in 1979 in the context of the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.
\\nThe land tenure was highly concentred in a few hands and the country had suffered half a century of abusive military regimes. After a decade of social conflict, factions of Farmer and students’ movements created guerrilla groups that later combined into the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front.
\\n[Serafín]: From 1972 to 1980 it was like sin, a crime in this country if you demanded your own rights or better life quality or a better job, education, healthcare… you were a subversive or a communist.
\\n[Ximena]: The world found out about the massacre 7 weeks later. Journalists Raymond Bonner, Alma Guillermo Prieto and the photographer Susan Meiseas arrived at Morazán where they met Rufina Amaya, one of the survivors of El Mozote massacre.
\\nOn January 27th, 1982, Alma Guillermo Prieto reproduced Rufina’s words in an article published in the American newspaper Washington Post:
\\n[Rufina Amaya´s testimony]:”They started with the women around noon. They picked up first the young girls and took them to the hills. Then they chose the older women and took them to the Israel Márquez’s house in the plaza. We heard shots. Later they continued with us, by groups. I hid and climbed a tree when they wanted to take me to Israel Márquez’s house. I saw the Lieutenant. He was shooting people himself.
\\n[Lorena]: As the years passed by more testimonies appeared. These were denied by the Salvadoran and American governments as the United States had supported the right-wing dictatorships in Latin America. For the remainder of the conflict, they claimed that the dead bodies were guerrilla members killed in action.
\\nOn October 26th, 1990, in the heat of the Civil War, the farmer Pedro Chicas went to San Francisco Gotera’s court in the Morazán’s municipal capital and officially report that his entire community had been murdered by the Salvadoran Army.
\\n[Ximena]: Wilfredo Medrano, a lawyer in the ”Dra. María Julia Hernandez” Human Rights Association, remembers well Pedro Chicas as he assisted the victims from the very first moment. We met him in his office in San Salvador before taking our path towards Morazán.
\\n[Wilfredo Medrano]: He was the complainant and we joined him as he took legal action. He told how they had murdered the children, how they entered the hamlets, how they took out of their houses the families and how they destroyed and killed domestic animals. He described the crime scenes in an objective way. He should also remember that he was interrogated in a time when the safeguards of due process were not respected and the judge himself was an inquisitor that intimated the victims.
\\n[Lorena]: The complaint was archived until January 16th, 1992, when the war was officially over. 11 years had passed since the massacre.
\\n(PEACE ACCORD’S BROADCAST AUDIO)
\\n[Ximena]: The Civil War stopped after two years of talks mediated by the UN between the Salvadoran State and FMLN’s high ranked members. The Peace Treaty was signed in México’s Palacio de Chapultepec. There were Alfredo Cristiani, back then the Salvadoran President, and Salvador Sánchez Cerén, Guerrilla’s leader and current president of the country.
\\n[Lorena]: The world praised the Accords for being the first of its kind in Latin America. They allowed the demobilization of the insurgent forces, military structures, and the feared death squads. They changed the electoral system and designed a plan to distribute land among the poor.
\\n[Ximena]: The new Peace discourse led to the return of many of the displaced persons to their homes. Amadeo Martínez could return to La Joya after 12 years of wandering.
\\n[Amadeo Martínez]: When the Peace Accords were signed, it meant the end of the daily confrontations. We thought it was the perfect time to go back to our roots after a long time of being wandering. It was better to rebuild our hamlet and the local boards started to merge.
\\n[Lorena]: The victims think it is the perfect time to talk about the conflict crimes and joined by ”Dra. María Julia Hernandez” Human Rights Association decided to go to the San Francisco Gotera’s first instance judge. The same one where Pedro Chicas had testified before. The court ordered the first exhumations.
\\n[Wilfredo]: The first Discovery in El Mozote were 147 children’s bones, most of them no older than 9 years old and two adults, one of them a pregnant woman, that was the first shock. Then all the lies from the government’s institutions fell apart.
\\n[Ximena]: In the exhumations took part The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team that had experience from the horrors of the Southern Cone’s dictatorships… They could no longer say that the dead bodies belong to Guerrilla members killed in action.
\\n[Wilfredo]: They had denied it. They said that the massacre was a fairy tale. But now the people started to realize the seriousness of the El Mozote massacre. It is the first to come out in public. It is the first one where the brutality is discovered and the people start to say: ”See… it was all true”.
\\n[Lorena]: The brutality is also left exposed by the investigations of the Truth Commission that was created by the Peace Accords and led by Colombia’s former president Belisario Betancourt.
\\nOn March 15th, 1993, the Truth Commission published the report named ”De la Locura a la Esperanza: la guerra de los Doce Años en El Salvador”
\\n[Ximena]: It was established by the Truth Commission that the authors of El Mozote massacre were the Atlacatl battalion, Third brigade units and the Command Center of San Francisco Gotera
\\nThe Commission found a dozen of members of the Salvadoran Army as the masterminds behind the massacre and even linked General José Guillermo García, El Salvador’s former Minister of Defense, for not leading investigations and clarifying the facts.
\\n[Lorena]: But 5 days after the report’s publication the Salvadoran president, Alfredo Casiani, the high ranked members and The Legislative Assembly approved an amnesty law.
\\n[Wilfredo]: It is a law that meant the exoneration from criminal and civil liability to members of the Salvadoran Army and the FMNL members as well. At that moment all these people were being processed. They got benefits from that law and the incarcerated persons were freed from prison as if they had not committed any crime.
\\n[Ximena]: The Mozote Massacre’s victims and other victims of the conflict were left in limbo.
\\nThe Amnesty Law halted all the investigations and blocked the start of a truth and reparation process in which the war criminals revealed the location of mass graves, talked about the missing people or even asked for forgiveness.
\\nWith this paper they tried to erase 12 years of Salvadoran history and the national guise was ”forgive and forget”.
\\n[Wilfredo]: Practically that was what they wanted. To wipe the slate clean and if you lost your loved ones learn to bear it because here we are not investigating anybody. That was the spirit that this law brought. That was their idea to reconcile the country. But really the society was not reconciled.
\\n[Lorena]: The Amnesty law left deep wounds in the Salvadoran society and started the victim’s crusade against impunity.
\\n(MUSIC AND AMADEO MARTÍNEZ HOUSE’S AMBIENT SOUND)
\\n[Amadeo]: They arrived at sunset, took people out of their houses and made them lay face-down on the ground without a reason. That’s how the nightmare started for the ones who died that day on the other side of the hill. You could hear screams of fear and voices of young girls subsiding in the silence…the dreams of so many innocent people. That’s the justice that I want and wait tirelessly.
\\n[Ximena]: In December 2016, government’s coroners handed him over the remains of 23 of his relatives in an act of reparation, including the remains of his mother and his three little brothers.
\\n[Amadeo]: That’s what we need: Justice, for all the parties involved that destroyed innocent children’s dreams. That’s what hurt me the most because they were defenseless children that died without knowing anything, they took them away from their future. Jail is little punishment for them, however, personally, I’ve said that we’ve got to forgive each other and we’ve already forgiven, but we want justice.
\\n[Lorena]: It’s the end of the afternoon and Amadeo says goodbye with a hug and gives some fruit and bread so we can eat on our way back. Before we leave he thanks us for listening to his story. He tells us that very few people are we willing to talk about what happened.
\\nWe go back to the road. Serafín rushes us so we can make it to Mozote before it gets dark.
\\n[Ximena]: We arrive at the place where it was located the old church in the village. There it was built the Monumento Histórico El Mozote, a memorial with almost a thousand written names of the murdered persons.
\\nIt’s a Wednesday night and the memorial doesn’t remember death. It’s a park where the children play and it’s allowed to jump, scream and laugh.
\\n[Lorena]: Serafín what is this?
\\n[Serafín Gómez]: It is a burial place. They were buried in 1991 in the first phase.
\\n[Ximena]: It is a cemetery?
\\n[Serafín]: Yes, it is a general tomb for the people that were not identified at that moment. The memorial was created in 1991 and it symbolizes a family: a father, a mother, a boy, and a girl. As a way to pay tributes, they made the monument to the people who died in the massacre. It says: ”El Mozote never again” because it is a historical place… symbolic of the present and future generations. What happened in El Mozote should never be repeated.
\\n[Ximena]: Serafín knows the story because his job is to tell it to the tourist that arrive here looking for hints of El Salvador’s war. When the conflict ended, he was 22 years old and had few skills besides his war abilities. He created ”La Ruta de la Paz”, a tour that tries to protect the historical memory, with a group of former Guerrilla members.
\\nHe also knows the massacre because he lived it. Even though being a guerrilla member protected him, in a certain way, horror also touched his home.
\\n[Serafín]: Here is my aunt Natividad Luna Pérez and my cousin Octaviana Luna that was 1 year old. Other family members were murdered not exactly in El Mozote but in the Ortiz Hill another massacre that was not investigated. We consider that there were murdered 60 families.
\\n[Lorena]: How many family members did you lost?
\\n[Serafín]: I think… 12 family members. Here are missing some. From El Mozote are 11 family members. They were walking between El Mozote and Ortiz Hill and were caught by the Army because they were escaping of the military operation as well.
\\n[Ximena]: What does it mean to you obtain Justice?
\\n[Serafín]: Justice is what happens when people have access to the truth or when a government answers to the people’s interest of finding the truth: who were the authors?. It is certainly not the intention to throw them in jail as they wouldn’t fit as they are too many. The idea is to create a precedent and take them to a court and tell them: ”Look… you’ve made this mistake. Ask for forgiveness to the families. And to the families that still have hope and want to find their loved ones, go tell them: ”Here they are”. I think that is restorative justice.
\\n(MUSIC AND CREDITS)
\\n***
\\nInstitutional voice: On the next episode
\\n(EL MOZOTE’S HEARING AUDIO)
\\nInstitutional voice: Military to the dock. Those allegedly responsible for the massacre face their decisions on the court after 35 years of El Mozote.
\\nInstitutional voice:”War witnesses: voices against impunity” is a sound documentary series presented by Pie de Página and Radio Nacional de Colombia. This work was made thanks to International Women’s Media Foundation’s initiative: Adelante.
\\nVisit ”War witnesses” onwww.radionacional.co/testigosdelaguerra
\\nor in www.piedepagina.mx/testigosdelaguerra
\\nScript and Investigation: Lorena Vega y Ximena Natera
\\nProduction in El Salvador: Víctor Peña, Juan Carlos, Jessica Ávalos, Julia Gavarrete, y Jonatan Funes
\\nOriginal Music: Santiago Flores
\\nSound Editor: José Luis Mantilla
\\nWeb: Cristian Anzola y Fernando Santillán
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